Editing Gastroenterology (section)

=== 19th century ===
* In 1805, [[Philipp Bozzini]] made the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named ''Lichtleiter'' (light-guiding instrument) to examine the [[urinary tract]], the [[rectum]], and the [[human pharynx|pharynx]]. This is the earliest description of [[endoscopy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilger |first=MA |date=October 2001 |title=Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=429–34 |doi=10.1097/00008480-200110000-00008 |pmid=11801888 |s2cid=39462852}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/endo/ The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history]</ref>
* [[Charles Emile Troisier]] described enlargement of [[lymph node]]s in abdominal cancer.<ref>[[Anton Sebastian]], ''A Dictionary of the History of Medicine'', {{ISBN|1-85070-021-4}}</ref>
* In 1823, [[William Prout]] discovered that [[stomach]] juices contain [[hydrochloric acid]].<ref>''Prout, W.'' On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomachs of animals.&nbsp;– Philos. Transactions, 1824, 1, 45.</ref>
* In 1833, [[William Beaumont]] published ''Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion'' following years of experimenting on test subject [[Alexis St. Martin]].
* In 1868, [[Adolf Kussmaul]], a well-known German physician, developed the [[gastroscope]]. He perfected the technique on a [[Sword swallowing|sword swallower]].
* In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, [[Karl Stoerk|Carl Stoerk]] demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870.
* In 1876, [[Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer]] described the properties of some liver cells now called [[Kupffer cell]]s.
* In 1883, [[Hugo Kronecker]] and [[Samuel James Meltzer]] studied oesophageal [[Esophageal motility study|manometry]] in humans.
[[Image:McClendon pH-probe.png|60px|thumb|[[Jesse Francis McClendon|McClendon's]] pH-probe]]