Editing Garden (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of gardening}}

=== Asia ===
==== China ====
[[File:Humble Administrator's Garden 7193 (6399187813).jpg|thumb|Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion]]
{{Main|Chinese garden}}
The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the [[Yellow River]], during the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, ''you'', ''pu'' and ''yuan''. ''You'' was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while ''pu'' was a garden for plants. During the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC), ''[[wikt:園|yuan]]'' became the character for all gardens.<ref>Feng Chaoxiong, ''The Classical Gardens of Suzhou'', preface, and Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11.</ref> The old character for ''yuan'' is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.<ref>Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong, ''The Classical Gardens of Suzhou''.</ref>

A famous royal garden of the late Shang dynasty was the ''Terrace, Pond and Park'' of the Spirit (''Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou'') built by [[King Wenwang]] west of his capital city, [[Yinxu|Yin]]. The park was described in the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]'' this way:

:The King makes his promenade in the Park of the Spirit,
:The deer are kneeling on the grass, feeding their fawns,
:The deer are beautiful and resplendent.
:The immaculate cranes have plumes of a brilliant white.
:The King makes his promenade to the Pond of the Spirit,
:The water is full of fish, who wriggle.<ref>Translation in ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis'', cited in Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11.</ref>

Another early royal garden was ''Shaqui'', or the ''Dunes of Sand'', built by the last Shang ruler, [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]] (1075–1046 BC). It was composed of an earth terrace, or ''tai'', which served as an observation platform in the center of a large square park. It was described in one of the early classics of Chinese literature, the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' (''Shiji'').<ref>Tan, p. 10. See also Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11.</ref> According to the ''Shiji'', one of the most famous features of this garden was the ''Wine Pool and Meat Forest'' (酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the seashore. The pool was then subsequently filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste.<ref>Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11.</ref>

During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the ''Terrace of Shanghua'', with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by [[King Jing of Zhou (Gui)|King Jing]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]]. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the ''Terrace of Gusu'', was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as [[Lake Tai]], the Great Lake.<ref>Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine'', p. 12</ref>

==== India ====
''[[Manasollasa]]'' is a twelfth century [[Sanskrit]] text that offers details on garden design and a variety of other subjects.<ref name="sadhalenenebim">Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, ''Asian Agri-History'', Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335</ref> Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the ''Vana-krida'' chapter.<ref name="sadhalenenebim" />{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''[[Shilparatna]]'', a text from the sixteenth century, states that flower gardens or public parks should be located in the northern portion of a town.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Ram Bachan|title=Cities and parks in ancient India|journal=Ekistics|volume=42|issue=253|pages=372–376|jstor=43618748|year=1976}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|thumb|right|A [[moss garden]] at the [[Saihō-ji]] temple in [[Kyoto]], started in 1339.]]
{{Main|Japanese garden}}
The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the [[pleasure garden]]s of the Emperors and nobles. They were mentioned in several brief passages of the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In spring 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "The [[Emperor Keikō]] put a few carp into a pond, and rejoiced to see them morning and evening". The following year, "The Emperor launched a double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi at Ihare, and went aboard with his imperial concubine, and they feasted sumptuously together". In 486, the chronicle recorded that "The [[Emperor Kenzō]] went into the garden and feasted at the edge of a winding stream".<ref>Nitschke, ''Le Jardin Japonais'', p. 30.</ref>

==== Korea ====
{{main|Korean garden}}
[[Korea]]n gardens are a type of garden described as being natural, informal, simple and unforced, seeking to merge with the natural world.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zoOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Korean+garden&pg=PA144 |title=Korea: An Introduction - Google Book Search|access-date=2009-01-12 |isbn=9780710302991 |last1=Hoare |first1=James |date=January 1988|publisher=Kegan Paul International }}</ref> They have a history that goes back more than two thousand years,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> but are little known in the west. The oldest records date to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] period (57 BC – 668 AD) when architecture and palace gardens showed a development noted in the Korean ''[[Samguk Sagi|History of the Three Kingdoms]]''.

=== Europe ===
[[Image:Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01.JPG|thumb|Reconstruction of the garden at the [[House of the Vettii]] in [[Pompeii]].]]
[[Gardening]] was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic". Evoking utopian imagery of the [[Garden of Eden]], a time of abundance and plenty where humans didn't know hunger or the conflicts that arose from property disputes. [[John Evelyn]] wrote in the early 17th century, "there is not a more laborious life then is that of a good Gard'ners; but a labour full of tranquility and satisfaction; Natural and Instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to Piety and Contemplation."<ref>Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :6</ref> During the era of [[Enclosures]], the agrarian collectivism of the [[feudalism|feudal age]] was idealized in literary "fantasies of liberating regression to garden and wilderness".<ref>Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :8</ref>

==== France ====
Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] brought Italian craftsmen and [[garden designer]]s, such as [[Pacello da Mercogliano]], from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the [[Château d'Amboise]] and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], who had also travelled to Italy and had met [[Leonardo da Vinci]], created an Italian garden nearby at the [[Château de Blois]].<ref>Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12</ref> Beginning in 1528, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] created new gardens at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]], which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from [[Provence]], and the first artificial grotto in France.<ref>Philippe Prevot, ''Histoire des jardins'', pg. 107</ref> The [[Château de Chenonceau]] had two gardens in the new style, one created for [[Diane de Poitiers]] in 1551, and a second for [[Catherine de' Medici]] in 1560.<ref>Prevot, ''Histoire des Jardins'', 114</ref> In 1536, the architect [[Philibert de l'Orme]], upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the [[Château d'Anet]] following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.<ref name="jeannel">Bernard Jeannel, ''[[Le Nôtre]]'', Éd. Hazan, p. 17</ref>

The [[French formal garden]] ({{langx|fr|jardin à la française}}) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden ({{langx|fr|jardin à l'anglaise}}) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.<ref name="Princeton Architectural Press">{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Allan |title=Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568980508 |page=15}}</ref> Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=15}}</ref> By the mid-17th century [[axial symmetry]] had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of [[Andre Mollet]] and [[Jacques Boyceau]], from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry."<ref name=hayes/> A good example of the French formal style are the [[Tuileries Garden|Tuileries gardens]] in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the [[Sun King|Sun King Louis XIV]]. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=29}}</ref>

The [[French landscape garden]] was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence in the late eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Calder |first1=Martin |title=Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |isbn=9783039102914 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="Princeton Architectural Press"/>

==== United Kingdom ====
Before the [[Grand Manner]] era, a few significant gardens were found in Britain which were developed under the influence of the continent. Britain's homegrown domestic gardening traditions were mostly practical in purpose, rather than aesthetic, unlike the grand gardens found mostly on castle grounds and less commonly in universities. Tudor Gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to home or architecture, but conceived as independent spaces, arranged to grow and display flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their artistry in [[knot garden]]s, with complex arrangements most commonly included interwoven [[Buxus|box hedge]]s, and less commonly fragrant herbs like [[rosemary]]. Sanded paths run between the hedgings of open knots whereas closed knots were filled with single colored flowers. The knot and [[parterre]] gardens were always placed on level ground, and elevated areas reserved for terraces from which the intricacy of the gardens could be viewed.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Gordon |title=Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History |date=2013 |publisher=Whittle |isbn=978-1849950824 |pages=1–3}}</ref>

Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by [[Henry Wotton]] in 1624. Under the influence of the [[Italian Renaissance]], Caroline gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, marking the beginning of a trends towards symmetrical unified designs that took the building architecture into account, and featuring an elevated terrace from which home and garden could be viewed. The only surviving Caroline garden is located at [[Bolsover Castle]] in [[Derbyshire]], but is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]], many new [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style country houses were built; while in England Oliver Cromwell sought to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Caroline style gardens.<ref name=hayes/>