Editing Gang (section)

==Types==
[[File:Marasalvatrucha13.png|thumb|A [[Mara Salvatrucha]] gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership]]
Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their own specialties and gang culture.<ref name="Types">{{cite web|url=https://www.carmichaellegal.com/organized-crime-and-gangs|title=Organized Crime and Gangs |website=Carmichael Ellis & Brock, PLLC|author=Lawlytics}}</ref>

===Mafia===
One of the most infamous criminal gangs are [[Mafias]], whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements.<ref>Gambetta, Diego (2009). Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691119373: ''"The mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries. Mafia-like groups offer a solution of sorts to the trust problem by playing the role of a government for the underworld and supplying protection to people involved in illegal markets ordeals. They may play that role poorly, sometimes veering toward extortion rather than genuine protection, but they do play it."''</ref> These include the Sicilian [[Sicilian Mafia|Cosa Nostra]] and the [[American Mafia|Italian–American Mafia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carpenoctem.tv/mafia/mafia.html |title=Introduction to the Mafia |work=source <!-- |access-date=2009 --> |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102151111/http://www.carpenoctem.tv/mafia/mafia.html |archive-date=2016-01-02 }}</ref> The Neapolitan [[Camorra]], the Calabrian [['Ndrangheta]] and the Apulian [[Sacra Corona Unita]] are similar [[Italy|Italian]] organized gangs. Outside of Italy, the [[Irish Mob]], Japanese [[yakuza]], Chinese [[triad (organized crime)|triads]], British [[British firms (organised crime)|firms]], and Russian [[Bratva]] are also examples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/mmadzpnix.pdf |title=Organised Crime Around the World |work=The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) <!-- |access-date=2009 --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055450/http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/mmadzpnix.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-16 }}</ref><ref>Britannica Academic, s.v. "Yakuza," accessed 30 September 2018, https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/yakuza/77739.</ref>

===Narco===
[[Narcoculture in Mexico|Narcos]] or [[drug cartel]]s are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly [[Latin Americans]]) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade.<ref name="OvalleMarroquin">Ovalle Marroquin, Lilian P. "Las Fronteras de la 'narcocultura.' " 2007. Digital file.</ref> These include drug cartels like the [[Medellin Cartel]] and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels like the [[Sinaloa Cartel]] and [[Los Zetas]], and the [[Primeiro Comando da Capital]] in Brazil.<ref name="jpla">{{cite journal |title=Evade, Corrupt, or Confront? Organized Crime and the State in Brazil and Mexico |journal=Journal of Politics in Latin America |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=3–29 |date=2009-07-20 |last1=Taylor |first1=Matthew M. |last2=Bailey |first2=John |doi=10.1177/1866802X0900100201 |doi-access=free  | issn = 1866-802X }}</ref> Other examples are Jamaican [[Yardie]]s and the various opium barons in the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] and [[Golden Crescent]]. Many narcos are known for their use of paramilitaries and [[narcoterrorism]] like the [[Gulf Cartel]] and [[Shower Posse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.equaltimes.org/in-mexico-there-is-no-pandemic-for?lang=en#.YKXZ9KgzbIU|title=In Mexico "there is no pandemic for paramilitary groups"|website=Equal Times|author=Varzi, Changiz M.|date=9 April 2021 }} April 9, 2021</ref>

===Street===
[[File:101 Gang Members Arrested in Central Valley 06.jpg|thumb|California Attorney General [[Kamala Harris]] announced the arrest of 101 gang members on June 8, 2011.]]

Street gangs are gangs formed by youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for [[street fighting]] and gang warfare.<ref>White, Rob (2007). ''Youth Gangs, Violence and Anti-Social Behaviour''. Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. pp. 18, 29.</ref> The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rgnzd-crm-brf-12/rgnzd-crm-brf-12-eng.pdf|title=Public Safety: Gang}}</ref> Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."<ref>Miller, W. B. (1992) [Revised from 1982]. ''Crime by Youth Gangs and Groups in the United States''. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.</ref> Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs like the [[Bloods]] and the [[Crips]], also the [[Vice Lords]] and the [[Gangster Disciples]]. Other racial gangs also exist like the [[Trinitario]], [[Sureños]], [[Tiny Rascal Gang]], [[Asian Boyz]], [[Wa Ching]], [[Zoe Pound]], the [[Latin Kings (gang)|Latin Kings]], the [[Hammerskins]], [[Nazi Lowriders]], and [[Blood & Honour]].

=== Law enforcement ===
Law enforcement gangs are criminal organizations that form and operate within law enforcement agencies. Members have been accused of significant department abuses of policy and constitutional rights, terrifying the general population, intimidating their colleagues, and retaliating against whistleblowers. Leaders called "shot-callers" control many aspects of local policing, including promotions, scheduling, and enforcement. They operate in the gray areas of law enforcement, perpetuate a culture of silence, and promote a mentality of [[Punisher|punisher-style]] retaliation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodyear |first=Dana |date=2022-05-30 |title=The L.A. County Sheriff's Deputy-Gang Crisis |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/06/06/the-la-county-sheriffs-deputy-gang-crisis |access-date=2023-10-14 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LA BOS |url=https://coc.lacounty.gov/deputy-gangs/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=LA BOS |language=en}}</ref>

===Biker===
Biker gangs are [[motorcycle clubs]] who conduct illegal activities like the [[Hells Angels]], the [[Pagan's Motorcycle Club|Pagans]], the [[Outlaws Motorcycle Club|Outlaws]], and the [[Bandidos Motorcycle Club|Bandidos]],<ref>[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/eeuu/documents/ssgu00.pdf FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative – Report Fiscal Year 2000], FBI.org</ref><ref>[http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf 2004 Annual Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222072041/http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf |date=December 22, 2009 }}- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca</ref> known as the "Big Four" in the United States.<ref>[http://ctgia.org/mcgang.html Motorcycle Gangs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804054924/http://ctgia.org/mcgang.html |date=August 4, 2015 }}- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association</ref> The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] defines [[Outlaw motorcycle club|outlaw motorcycle gangs]] (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".<ref name=USDOJ_Motorcycle_Gangs2>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Gangs |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html |author=U.S. Dept. of Justice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415074158/http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html |archive-date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2020-11-22 }}</ref> Some clubs are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, but because they are not sanctioned by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] and do not adhere to its rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.<ref name=Drew2002>{{Citation|title=The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle|first=A. J.|last=Drew|publisher=Adams Media Corp|year=2002|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wWnBPAAACAAJ|isbn=9781580625548|pages=193–203, 277}}</ref><ref name=Dulaney2002>{{Citation|last=Dulaney|first=William L.|periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]]|url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html|date=November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs}}</ref><ref name=Wolf1992>{{Citation|title=The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers|first=Daniel R.|last=Wolf|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0802073631|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgNRMZAg8N4C&q=%22Technically+the+label+outlaw&pg=PA4}}</ref>

Biker gangs such as the [[Rebels Motorcycle Club]] exist in Australia.

===Prison===
[[Prison gangs]] are formed inside prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement like the [[Mexican Mafia]] and [[United Blood Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prisoncommission.org/statements/fleisher_mark_s.pdf |title=Societal and Correctional Context of Prison Gangs |work=source <!-- |access-date=2009 --> |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015211916/http://prisoncommission.org/statements/fleisher_mark_s.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="urlWe spoke to hundreds of prison gang members – heres what they said about life behind bars | Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine | University of Colorado Boulder">{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine/2020/04/03/we-spoke-hundreds-prison-gang-members-heres-what-they-said-about-life-behind-bars |title=We spoke to hundreds of prison gang members – here's what they said about life behind bars &#124; Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine &#124; University of Colorado Boulder |date=3 April 2020 |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members.<ref name="Hagedorn 12"/> According to criminal justice professor [[John Hagedorn]], many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the [[Illinois Department of Corrections|St. Charles Illinois Youth Center]] originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, most of those leaders continue to manage their gangs from within prison.<ref name="Hagedorn 12">{{harvnb|Hagedorn|2008|p=12}}</ref>

===Punk===
Punk gangs are a unique type of gang made up of members who follow the [[Punk ideologies|punk rock ideology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/unearthing-the-secret-history-of-las-deadliest-punk-rock-gang-666/|title=Unearthing the Secret History of 'LA's Deadliest Punk Rock Gang'|website=[[Vice Media|Vice]]|author=Lyons, Patrick|date=17 January 2016 }} January 17, 2016</ref> Unlike other gangs and criminal groups, punk gangs follow a range of political and philosophical beliefs that can range from [[alt-right]] to [[Radical left wing|radical left]]. Differing ideologies are one of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal profit, vendetta, and territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/l-punks-80s-90s-kept-neo-nazis-scene/|title=How L.A. Punks of the '80s and '90s Kept Neo-Nazis Out of Their Scene|website=LA Magazine|author=Pursell, Robert|date=31 January 2018}} January 31, 2018</ref> Most of them can be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in violent confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are [[FFF (gang)|Fight For Freedom]], [[Friends Stand United]], and [[Straight edge|Straight Edge]] gangs.<ref name="CT1">{{cite news |title=Crimes of Fashion Lure Affluent Kids for the Fun of It (preview) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25018969.html?dids=25018969:25018969&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+14%2C+1985&author=Associated+Press&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=CRIMES+OF+FASHION+LURE+AFFLUENT+KIDS+FOR+THE+FUN+OF+IT&pqatl=google |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=June 14, 1985 |author=Anderson, Dennis |page=28 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022130642/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25018969.html?dids=25018969:25018969&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+14,+1985&author=Associated+Press&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=CRIMES+OF+FASHION+LURE+AFFLUENT+KIDS+FOR+THE+FUN+OF+IT&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxygen.com/martinis-murder/mayans-mc-showrunner-elgin-james-nazi-fighting-vigilante |title='Mayans M.C.' Showrunner Elgin James Was A Nazi-Fighting Vigilante  |last=Shorey |first=Eric |date=September 11, 2018 |work=[[Oxygen (TV network)|Oxygen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729065111/https://www.oxygen.com/martinis-murder/mayans-mc-showrunner-elgin-james-nazi-fighting-vigilante |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Vigilante===
Contemporary organized crime has also led to the creation of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and [[Autodefensas (disambiguation)|autodefensas]], who are groups who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2016/04/17/politica/012n1pol|title=El cártel Jalisco Nueva generación entregó armas a Los Viagras|first=Gustavo Castillo |last=García |date=17 April 2016|work=[[La Jornada]] |accessdate=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204847/https://www.jornada.com.mx/2016/04/17/politica/012n1pol|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39143 |title = RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating |first = Raúl |last = Gutiérrez |date = 2007-09-04 |publisher = [[Inter Press Service]] |access-date  = 2007-11-07 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071108233217/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39143 |archive-date = 2007-11-08 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="AfricanAffairs">{{cite web | url=http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415140528/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/16/afraf.adr046.abstract | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 April 2013 | title=The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships | publisher=African Affairs | work=volume 110, issue 441 | year=2011 | access-date=6 August 2012 | author=Fourchard, L. | pages=607–627}}</ref> These include groups like the [[Los Pepes]], [[Sombra Negra]], [[Friends Stand United]], [[People Against Gangsterism and Drugs]], and [[Waray-Waray gangs#Philippine Drug War|OG Imba]].