Editing Gallipoli (section)

===Ottoman era===
{{Further|Sanjak of Gelibolu}}

====Ottoman conquest====
Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] [[Fall of Gallipoli|besieged and captured]] the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the [[Balkans]].<ref>Crowley, Roger. 1453: ''The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West''. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 {{ISBN|1-4013-0850-3}}.</ref> The [[Savoyard Crusade]] recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The [[Greeks]] living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli ({{langx|ota|گلیبولو}}, {{lang|tr|Gelibolu}}) was a district ({{lang|tr|[[kaymakamlik]]}}) in the [[Vilayet of Adrianople]], with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.<ref>{{Catholic |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03183c.htm|title=Callipolis|inline=yes}}</ref>

====Crimean War (1853–1856)====
[[File:Port de Gallipoli.JPG|thumb|The port of Gallipoli, {{circa|1880}}]]
Gallipoli became a major [[military camp|encampment]] for British and French forces in 1854 during the [[Crimean War]], and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]).<ref name="Plus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |title=Crimea |access-date=11 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222234538/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |archive-date=22 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Victorian">{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |title=Charles Usherwood's Service Journal, 1852–1856: despatch |work=victorianweb.org |access-date=2 July 2006 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128225126/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an {{cvt|11.5|km}} line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|414}}

====First Balkan War (1912–1913)====
During the [[First Balkan War]], the 1913 [[Battle of Bulair]] and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George N. |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1785334320 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Astourian |first1=Stephan |title=Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State |date=2020 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-450-6 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Carroll N |last2=Papadopoulos |first2=Alexander |title=Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war |date=1919 |publisher=Oxford university press |page=52 |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00papa}}</ref> The [[Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars]] mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War |date=1914 |publisher=Washington, D.C. |page=132 |url=https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft/page/132/mode/2up}}</ref>

The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to [[Gelibolu|Gallipoli]]. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/>

====World War I: Gallipoli Campaign (1914–1918)====
{{Main|Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site}}
[[File:Landing at Gallipoli (13901951593).jpg|thumb|Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915]]
[[File:Gallipoli ANZAC Cove Sphinx 2.JPG|thumb|The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove]]

During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the [[Gallipoli campaign]] (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, [[Imperial Russia|Russia]]. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces.

In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the [[Bosporus Strait]] at [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at [[ANZAC Cove]] early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916.

The campaign, one of the greatest [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] failure. [[Turkey|Turks]] regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli: a Turkish view {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/gallipoli#:~:text=The%20events%20of%201915%20created,status%20within%20Turkey's%20national%20identity |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli.

The Ottoman Empire instituted the [[Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)|Gallipoli Star]] as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I.

The campaign was the first major military action of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (or [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZACs]]) as independent [[dominion]]s, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Chapter 1 - The Significance of the Gallipoli Peninsula |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/gallipoli/report/d01b#:~:text=The%20national%20significance%20of%20the,and%20remembrance%2C%20into%20iconic%20status. |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli in brief {{!}} NZ History |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/gallipoli-in-brief#:~:text=In%20New%20Zealand%20(and%20Australia,grew%20out%20of%20this%20pride. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "[[Anzac Day|ANZAC Day]]". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and [[veteran|"returned soldiers"]] in Australia and New Zealand.

On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair.

Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power |first=Sean |last=McMeekin |date=7 May 2012 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674058538 |via=Google Books |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062721/https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |url-status=live }}</ref> the Ottoman Empire deported [[Ottoman Greeks|Greek residents]] from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the [[sea of Marmara]], to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks.<ref name="Terrible Fate">{{cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Benjamin |title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |date=December 2013 |pages=96–97 |isbn=978-1442223196 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government.<ref name="Terrible Fate"/> The Turks then plundered the houses and properties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |title=The Meaning of Gallipoli to Hellenism |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202301/https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the [[labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)|labour battalions]] of the Ottoman army).

The [[Metropolitan bishop]] of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich |title=Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918 |date=1919 |publisher=Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]}}</ref> He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to [[Islam]].<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> In some cases, [[Muhacirs]] appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |last2=Ze'evi |first2=Dror |title=The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=April 2019 |page=338 |isbn=978-0674916456 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)====
Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22]], considered part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. After the [[Armistice of Mudros]] of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as ''Kallipolis''. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the [[Armistice of Mudanya]] of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922.

In 1920, after the defeat of the [[White movement|Russian White army]] of General [[Pyotr Wrangel]], a significant number of [[White émigré|émigré soldiers]] and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the [[Crimean Peninsula]]. From there, many went to European countries, such as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], where they found refuge.

There are now many [[list of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula|cemeteries and war memorials]] on the Gallipoli peninsula.