Editing Galba (section)

==Emperor==

===Rule (June 68-January 69)===

Upon becoming emperor, Galba was faced by the rebellion of [[Nymphidius Sabinus]], who had his own aspirations for the imperial throne. However, Sabinus was killed by the Praetorians before he could take the throne. While Galba was arriving to [[Rome]] with the [[Lusitania]]n governor [[Otho|Marcus Salvius Otho]], his army was attacked by a legion that had been organized by Nero; a number of Galba's troops were killed in the fighting.{{sfn|Donahue|1999}} Galba, who suffered from chronic [[gout]] by the time he came to the throne,{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1975|p=11}} was advised by a corrupt group which included the general [[Titus Vinius]], commander of one of the legions in Hispania; the praetorian prefect [[Cornelius Laco]]; and [[Icelus Martianus|Icelus]], a freedman of Galba. Galba seized the property of Roman citizens, disbanded the Germanian legions, and did not pay the Praetorians and the soldiers who fought against Vindex. These actions caused him to become unpopular.{{sfn|Donahue|1999}}

[[Suetonius]] wrote the following descriptions of Galba's character and physical description:

{{Blockquote|text=Even before he reached middle life, he persisted in keeping up an old and forgotten custom of his country, which survived only in his own household, of having his freedmen and slaves appear before him twice a day in a body, greeting him in the morning and bidding him farewell at evening, one by one.|author=}}{{Blockquote|text=His double reputation for cruelty and avarice had gone before him; men said that he had punished the cities of the Spanish and Gallic provinces which had hesitated about taking sides with him by heavier taxes and some even by the razing of their walls, putting to death the governors and imperial deputies along with their wives and children. Further, that he had melted down a golden crown of fifteen pounds weight, which the people of Tarraco had taken from their ancient temple of Jupiter and presented to him, with orders that the three ounces which were found lacking be exacted from them. This reputation was confirmed and even augmented immediately on his arrival in the city. For having compelled some marines whom Nero had made regular soldiers to return to their former position as rowers, upon their refusing and obstinately demanding an eagle and standards, he not only dispersed them by a cavalry charge, but even [[decimation (punishment)|decimated]] them. He also disbanded a cohort of Germans, whom the previous Caesars had made their body-guard and had found absolutely faithful in many emergencies, and sent them back to their native country without any rewards, alleging that they were more favourably inclined towards Gnaeus Dolabella, near whose gardens they had their camp. The following tales too were told in mockery of him, whether truly or falsely: that when an unusually elegant dinner was set before him, he groaned aloud; that when his duly appointed steward presented his expense account, he handed him a dish of beans in return for his industry and carefulness; and that when the flute player Canus greatly pleased him, he presented him with five denarii, which he took from his own purse with his own hand.|source=}}{{Blockquote|text=Accordingly, his coming was not so welcome as it might have been, and this was apparent at the first performance in the theatre; for when the actors of an Atellan farce began the familiar lines "Here comes Onesimus from his farm" all the spectators at once finished the song in chorus and repeated it several times with appropriate gestures, beginning with that verse.

Thus his popularity and prestige were greater when he won, than while he ruled the empire, though he gave many proofs of being an excellent prince; but he was by no means so much loved for those qualities as he was hated for his acts of the opposite character.|source=|author=Suetonius}}

Particularly bad was his becoming under the influence of Vinius, Laco and Icelus:<ref>Suetonius "Life of Galba" Chapters 4; 12–14</ref> 
{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Bronze Sestertius of Galba (MANTIS).jpg
| image2            = Bronze Sestertius of Galba (MANTIS) (reverse).jpg
| footer            = [[Sestertius]] of Galba. Obverse: {{Smallcaps|{{abbr|imp|IMPERATOR}} {{abbr|ser|SERVIUS}} {{abbr|sulp|SULPICIUS}} galba {{abbr|caes|CAESAR}} {{abbr|aug|AUGUSTUS}} {{abbr|tr p|TRIBUNICIA POSTESTAS}}}}. [[Libertas]] standing on the reverse; legend: {{Smallcaps|libertas publica sc}}, meaning "liberty to the people, ''[[senatus consultum]]''".}}

{{Blockquote|text=...To these brigands, each with his different vice, he so entrusted and handed himself over as their tool, that his conduct was far from consistent; for now he was more exacting and niggardly, and now more extravagant and reckless than became a prince chosen by the people and of his time of life.

He condemned to death distinguished men of both orders on trivial suspicions without a trial. He rarely granted Roman citizenship, and the privileges of threefold paternity to hardly one or two, and even to those only for a fixed and limited time. When the jurors petitioned that a sixth division be added to their number, he not only refused, but even deprived them of the privilege granted by Claudius, of not being summoned for court duty in winter and at the beginning of the year.|source=|author=Suetonius}}

In regard to his appointment of Vitellius to Germania Inferior:<ref>Suetonius "Life of Vitellius" Chapter 7</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Galba surprised everyone by sending him to [[Lower Germany]]. Some think that it was due to Titus Vinius, who had great influence at the time, and whose friendship Vitellius had long since won through their common support of the Blues. But since Galba openly declared that no men were less to be feared than those who thought of nothing but eating, and that Vitellius's bottomless gullet might be filled from the resources of the province, it is clear to anyone that he was chosen rather through contempt than favour.|source=|author=Suetonius}}

Further on his physical appearance and end of reign:<ref>Suetonius "Life of Galba" Chapters 21–23</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=He was of average height, very bald, with blue eyes and a hooked nose. His hands and feet were so distorted by gout that he could not endure a shoe for long, unroll a book, or even hold one. The flesh on his right side too had grown out and hung down to such an extent, that it could with difficulty be held in place by a bandage. It is said that he was a heavy eater and in winter time was in the habit of taking food even before daylight, while at dinner he helped himself so lavishly that he would have the leavings which remained in a heap before him passed along and distributed among the attendants who waited on him..... He met his end in the seventy-third year of his age and the seventh month of his reign. The senate, as soon as it was allowed to do so, voted him a statue standing upon a column adorned with the beaks of ships, in the part of the Forum where he was slain; but Vespasian annulled this decree, believing that Galba had sent assassins from Spain to Judaea, to take his life.|author=Suetonius}}

[[Tacitus]] comments on the character of Galba: "He seemed too great to be a subject so long as he was subject, and all would have agreed that [[capax imperii nisi imperasset|he was equal to the imperial office if he had never held it]]."<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/1A*.html#49 ''Histories'' 1.49]</ref>

[[Suetonius]] went on to say that Galba was visited by the [[Roman Goddess]] [[Fortuna]] in his dreams twice; on the latter occasion she "withdrew her support". This happened right before his later downfall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hekster |first=Olivier |date=March 2009 |title=Reversed Epiphanies: Roman Emperors Deserted by Gods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25801887 |journal=Mnemosyne|volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=601–615 |doi=10.1163/156852510X456228 |jstor=25801887 |hdl=2066/61695 |s2cid=162876998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Mutiny on the frontier and assassination===
[[File:Damaged head of Emperor Galba.jpg|thumb|Damaged head of a crowned emperor in the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]], believed to portray Galba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over Life-Size Relief Head of Emperor Galba? |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103SZH |access-date= |website=J. Paul Getty Museum Collection |language=}}</ref><ref name=Frel>{{Cite book |last=Frel |first=Jiří |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0kdxuJ4ypoC&pg=PA124 |title=Studia Varia |date=1994 |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |isbn=978-88-7062-814-2 |pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Varner>{{Cite book |last=Varner |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoVSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture |date=2004 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-474-0470-5 |pages=106–107}}</ref>{{refn|A damaged silver bust in the so-called "House of Galba", in [[Herculaneum]], is the only confirmed portrait of Galba.<ref name=Frel/><ref name=Varner/><ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Galba (Casa di Galba) (Herculaneum) |url=https://ermakvagus.com/Europe/Italy/herculaneum/house_of_galba_herculaneum.html |access-date= |website=ermakvagus.com}}</ref>}}]]
On 1 January 69, the day Galba and Vinius took the office of consul,{{sfn|Wellesley|1989|p=1}} the fourth and twenty-second legions of Germania Superior refused to swear loyalty to Galba. They toppled his statues, demanding that a new emperor be chosen. On the following day, the soldiers of [[Germania Inferior]] also refused to swear their loyalty and proclaimed the governor of the province, [[Aulus Vitellius]], as emperor. Galba tried to ensure his authority as emperor was recognised by adopting the nobleman [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus]] as his successor. Nevertheless, Galba was killed by the Praetorians on 15 January.<ref>[[Plutarch]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html#24 24.1]: "the eighteenth before the Calends of February", also in [[Tacitus]], ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/1A*.html#27 27-49].</ref>{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1975|pp=30, 37, 45, 47–54}} Otho was angry that he had been passed over for adoption, and organised a conspiracy with a small number of Praetorian Guards to murder the aged emperor and elevate himself. The soldiery in the capital, composed not just of Praetorians but of Galba's legion from [[Hispania]] and several detachments of men from the Roman fleet, [[Illyria]], [[Britannia]], and Germania, were angered at not having received a [[donative]].<ref>Tacitus, ''Histories''; Book I. 5–8</ref> They also resented Galba's purges of their officers and fellow soldiers (this was especially true of the men from the fleet). Many in the Praetorian Guard were shaken by the recent murder of their Prefect [[Nymphidius Sabinus]] – some of the waverers were convinced to come over to Otho's side out of fear Galba might yet take revenge on them for their connection to Sabinus.<ref>Tacitus, ''Histories''; Book I. 25–28</ref>

According to [[Suetonius]], Galba put on a linen corset although remarking it was little protection against so many swords; when a soldier claimed to have killed Otho, Galba snapped "On what authority?". He was lured out to the scene of his assassination in the Forum by a false report of the conspirators. Galba either tried to buy his life with a promise of the withheld bounty or asked that he be beheaded. The only help for him was a [[centurion]] in the [[Praetorian Guard]] named [[Sempronius Densus]], who was killed trying to defend Galba with a [[pugio]]; one hundred and twenty persons later petitioned Otho that they had killed Galba; they would be executed by Vitellius.<ref>Plutarch "Life of Galba" Chapters 26–27</ref> A company of Germanic soldiers to whom he had once done a kindness rushed to help him; however they took a wrong turn and arrived too late. He was killed near the [[Lacus Curtius]].<ref>Suetonius "Life of Galba" Chapters 19–20</ref> Vinius tried to run away, calling out that Otho had not ordered him killed, but was run through with a spear.<ref name="Tacitus1770">{{cite book|author=Cornelius Tacitus|title=The Works of Tacitus|url=https://archive.org/details/workstacitus00gordgoog|year=1770|publisher=J. and F. Rivington|page=[https://archive.org/details/workstacitus00gordgoog/page/n44 12]}}</ref> Laco was banished to an island where he was later murdered by soldiers of Otho. [[Icelus Martianus|Icelus]] was publicly executed.<ref>Tacitus p. 46</ref> Piso was also killed; his head along with Galba's and Vinius' were placed on poles and Otho was then acclaimed as emperor.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|1975|pp=30, 37, 45, 47–54}} Galba's head was brought by a soldier to Otho's camp where camp boys mocked it on a lance – Galba had angered them previously by remarking his vigor was still unimpeded. Vinius' head was sold to his daughter for 2500 [[Ancient drachma|drachma]]s; Piso's head was given to his wife.<ref name=":0">Plutarch "Life of Galba" Chapter 28</ref> Galba's head was bought for 100 gold pieces by a freeman who threw it at Sessorium where his master Patrobius Neronianus had been killed by Galba. The body of Galba was taken up by Priscus Helvidius with the permission of Otho; at night<ref name=":0"/> Galba's steward Argivus took both the head and body to a tomb in Galba's private gardens on the [[Via Aurelia|Aurelian Way]].<ref>Suetonius, ''Galba'', 20, 21.</ref>{{reflist|group=note}}