Editing G (section)

==Use in writing systems==
{{See also|Hard and soft G}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|g}} by language
! Orthography
! Phonemes
! Environment
|-
! [[Afrikaans phonology|Afrikaans]]
|{{IPAslink|x}}
|
|-
! [[Romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|A dialectal sound not found in Standard Arabic. However, the digraph [[gh (digraph)|gh]] is used to romanize the Standard Arabic sound {{IPAslink|ɣ}}.
|-
! [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Catalan orthography|Catalan]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|/(d)ʒ/
|Before e, i
|-
!{{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]])
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Danish orthography|Danish]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|Except word-initially
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Word-initially
|-
! [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]]
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} or {{IPAslink|χ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[English orthography|English]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Any
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i in more recent loanwords from French
|-
|''silent''
|Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant
|-
! [[Esperanto]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[Faroese orthography|Faroese]]
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|soft, lenited; see [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|hard
|-
|{{IPAslink|tʃ}}
|soft
|-
|{{IPAslink|v}}
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u
|-
|{{IPAslink|w}}
|after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u
|-
|''silent''
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a
|-
! [[Fijian language|Fijian]]
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[French orthography|French]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i, y
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Galician language|Galician]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}} ~ {{IPAslink|ħ}}
|Except before e, i, see ''[[Gheada]]'' for consonant variation
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|Before e, i, obsolete, replaced by {{angbr|x}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Romanization of Greek|Greek romanization]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Ancient Greek
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|Modern Greek except before ai, e, i, oi, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʝ}}
|Modern Greek before ai, e, i, oi, y
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]]
|{{IPAslink|c}}
|soft
|-
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|hard
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|hard, lenited; see [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|soft, lenited
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Irish orthography|Irish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|After i or before e, i
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Italian orthography|Italian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|-
! [[Malay orthography|Malay]]
|{{IPAslink|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Norman language|Norman]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Norwegian orthography|Norwegian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before ei, i, j, øy, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|Before ei, i, j, øy, y
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i, y
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Romanian orthography|Romanian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Romansh language|Romansh]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʑ}}
|Before e, i
|-
! [[Samoan language|Samoan]]
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|kʲ}}
|After i or before e, i
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|x}} ~ {{IPAslink|h}}
|Before e, i, y
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Swedish orthography|Swedish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before ä, e, i, ö, y
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|Before ä, e, i, ö, y
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, ö, ü
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|Before e, i, ö, ü
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|-
|/[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/ ~ /[[Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/
|Before i
|}

===English===
In English, the letter appears either alone or in some [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]].  Alone, it represents
* a [[voiced velar plosive]] ({{IPA|/ɡ/}} or "hard" {{angbr|g}}), as in ''goose'', ''gargoyle'', and ''game'';
* a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] ({{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} or "soft" {{angbr|g}}), predominates before {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|y}}, as in ''giant'', ''ginger'', and ''geology''; or
* a [[voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]] ({{IPA|/ʒ/}}) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such as ''rouge'', ''beige'', ''genre'' (often), and ''[[margarine]]'' (rarely)

{{angbr|g}} is predominantly soft before {{angbr|e}} (including the digraphs {{angbr|ae}} and {{angbr|oe}}), {{angbr|i}}, or {{angbr|y}}, and hard otherwise. It is hard in those derivations from ''[[wikt:γυνή|γυνή]] (gynḗ)'' meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft {{angbr|g}} is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese &ndash; these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such as  ''[[wikt:fragile|fragile]]'', ''[[logic]]'' or ''[[Magic (supernatural)|magic]]'').
There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where {{angbr|g}} is hard followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}} (''get'', ''give'', ''gift'', ''gig'', ''girl'', ''giggle''), and very few in which {{angbr|g}} is soft though followed by {{angbr|a}} such as ''[[gaol]]'', which since the 20th century is almost always written as "jail".

The double consonant {{angbr|[[Dg (digraph)|gg]]}} has the value {{IPA|/ɡ/}} (hard {{angbr|g}}) as in ''nugget'', with very few exceptions: {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} in ''exaggerate'' and ''veggies'' and dialectally {{IPA|/ɡd͡ʒ/}} in ''suggest''.

The digraph {{angbr|[[Dg (digraph)|dg]]}} has the value {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} (soft {{angbr|g}}), as in ''badger''. Non-digraph {{angbr|dg}} can also occur, in compounds like ''floodgate'' and ''headgear''.

The digraph {{angbr|[[Ng (digraph)#N|ng]]}} may represent:
* a [[velar nasal]] ({{IPAc-en|ŋ}}) as in ''length'', ''singer''
* the latter followed by hard {{angbr|g}} ({{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}) as in ''jungle'', ''finger'', ''longest''
Non-digraph {{angbr|ng}} also occurs, with possible values
* {{IPA|/nɡ/}} as in ''engulf'', ''ungainly''
* {{IPA|/nd͡ʒ/}} as in ''sponge'', ''angel''
* {{IPA|/nʒ/}} as in ''melange''

The digraph {{angbr|[[Gh (digraph)|gh]]}} (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter [[yogh]], which took various values including {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}) may represent:
* {{IPA|/ɡ/}} as in ''ghost'', ''aghast'', ''burgher'', ''spaghetti''
* {{IPA|/f/}} as in ''cough'', ''laugh'', ''roughage''
* ∅ (no sound) as in ''through'', ''neighbor'', ''night'' 
* {{IPA|/x/}} in ''ugh''
* (rarely) {{IPA|/p/}} in ''hiccough''
* (rarely) {{IPA|/k/}} in ''[[wikt:s'ghetti|s'ghetti]]''
Non-digraph {{angbr|gh}} also occurs, in compounds like ''foghorn'', ''pigheaded''.

The digraph {{angbr|[[Dg (digraph)|gn]]}} may represent:
* {{IPA|/n/}} as in ''gnostic'', ''deign'', ''foreigner'', ''signage''
* {{IPA|/nj/}} in loanwords like ''champignon'', ''lasagna''
Non-digraph {{angbr|gn}} also occurs, as in ''signature'', ''agnostic''.

The trigraph {{angbr|ngh}} has the value {{IPA|/ŋ/}} as in ''gingham'' or ''dinghy''. Non-trigraph {{angbr|ngh}} also occurs, in compounds like ''stronghold'' and ''dunghill''.

G is the [[Letter frequency|tenth least frequently used letter]] in the English language (after [[Y]], [[P]], [[B]], [[V]], [[K]], [[J]], [[X]], [[Q]], and [[Z]]), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.

===Other languages===
Most [[Romance languages]] and some [[Scandinavian languages]] also have two main pronunciations for {{angbr|g}}, hard and soft. While the soft value of {{angbr|g}} varies in different Romance languages ({{IPA|/ʒ/}} in [[French language|French]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], {{IPA|[(d)ʒ]}} in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} in [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and {{IPA|/x/}} in most dialects of [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft {{angbr|g}} has the same pronunciation as the {{angbr|j}}.

In Italian and Romanian, {{angbr|gh}} is used to represent {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before front vowels where {{angbr|g}} would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, {{angbr|[[Gn (digraph)|gn]]}} is used to represent the [[palatal nasal]] {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, a sound somewhat similar to the {{angbr|ny}} in English ''canyon''. In Italian, the [[Trigraph (orthography)|trigraph]] {{angbr|gli}}, when appearing before a vowel or as the article and pronoun ''[[wikt:gli|gli]]'', represents the [[palatal lateral approximant]] {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. Other languages typically use {{angbr|g}} to represent {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, regardless of position.

Amongst European languages, [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]] are exceptions, as they do not have {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in their native words. In [[Dutch language|Dutch]], {{angbr|g}} represents a [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|/ɣ/}} instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English, but there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ({{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal {{IPA|[ʝ]}}. Nevertheless, word-finally, it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and the Netherlands. On the other hand, some dialects (like [[Amelands]]) may have a phonemic {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.

[[Faroese language|Faroese]] uses {{angbr|g}} to represent {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, in addition to {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, and also uses it to indicate a [[semivowel|glide]].

In [[Māori language|Māori]], {{angbr|g}} is used in the digraph {{angbr|ng}} which represents the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and is pronounced like the {{angbr|ng}} in ''singer''.

The [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Fijian language|Fijian]] languages use the letter {{angbr|g}} by itself for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.

In older [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] orthographies, {{angbr|g}} was used to represent {{IPA|/j/}}, while {{IPA|/ɡ/}} was written as {{angbr|ǧ}} ({{angbr|g}} with [[caron]]).

The [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] Latin alphabet uses {{angbr|g}} exclusively for the "soft" sound, namely {{IPA|/ɟ/}}. The sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as {{angbr|q}}. This leads to unusual spellings of loanwords: ''qram'' 'gram', ''qrup'' 'group', ''qaraj'' 'garage', ''qallium'' 'gallium'.

===Other systems===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|ɡ}} represents the [[voiced velar plosive]]. The [[small caps]] {{angbr|ɢ}} represents the [[voiced uvular plosive]].