Editing Fundamentalism (section)

===Christianity===
{{Main article|Christian fundamentalism|Christian nationalism|Christian terrorism|Sectarian violence among Christians}} 
[[George Marsden]] has defined Christian fundamentalism as the demand for strict adherence to certain theological doctrines, in opposition to [[Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy|Modernist theology]].<ref>{{as of|2023}}, Marsden's work has been cited over 3600 times, according to {{Cite web|title=Google Scholar
| url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=marsden+fundamentalism&as_sdt=1,27
|access-date=2023-01-02|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Its supporters originally coined the term in order to describe what they claimed were five specific classic theological beliefs of Christianity, and the coinage of the term led to the development of a [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian fundamentalist movement]] within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web
| first = John | last= Buescher
|title=A History of Fundamentalism
|url=https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714095134/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092
| archive-date= 14 July 2010
|access-date=2023-01-02|website=teachinghistory.org}}</ref> Fundamentalism as a movement arose in the United States, starting among [[conservative]] [[Presbyterian]] theologians at [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] in the late 19th century. It soon spread to conservatives among the [[Baptists]] and other denominations around 1910 to 1920. The movement's purpose was to reaffirm key theological tenets and defend them against the challenges of [[Liberal Christianity|liberal theology]] and [[higher criticism]].{{sfn|Ammerman|1991}}<ref>Mark A. Noll, ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada'' (1992), pp. 376-86.</ref>

The concept of "fundamentalism" has roots in the [[Niagara Bible Conference]]s which were held annually between 1878 and 1897. During those conferences, the tenets widely considered to be ''fundamental'' Christian belief were identified.

"Fundamentalism" was prefigured by ''[[The Fundamentals|The Fundamentals: A Testimony To The Truth]]'', a collection of twelve pamphlets published between 1910 and 1915 by brothers Milton and [[Lyman Stewart]]. It is widely considered to be the foundation of modern Christian fundamentalism.

In 1910, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church identified what became known as the ''five fundamentals'':<ref>George M. Marsden, "Fundamentalism and American Culture", (1980) p. 117</ref>
* [[Biblical inspiration]] and the [[Biblical infallibility|infallibility of scripture]] as a result of this
* [[Virgin birth of Jesus]]
* Belief that Christ's death was the [[Atonement in Christianity|atonement]] for sin
* Bodily [[resurrection of Jesus]]
* Historical reality of the [[miracles of Jesus]]

In 1920, the word "fundamentalist" was first used in print by Curtis Lee Laws, editor of ''The Watchman Examiner'', a Baptist newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |title=fundamentalist (adj.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fundamentalist |website=Etymonline |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> Laws proposed that those Christians who were fighting for the fundamentals of the faith should be called "fundamentalists".<ref>Curtis Lee Laws, "Convention Side Lights," The Watchman-Examiner, 8, no. 27 (1 July 1920), p 834.</ref>

Theological conservatives who rallied around the five fundamentals came to be known as "fundamentalists". They rejected the existence of commonalities with theologically related religious traditions, such as the grouping of Christianity, [[Islam]], and [[Judaism]] into one [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic family of religions]].<ref name="academia.edu"/> By contrast, while [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] groups (such as the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]]) typically agree with the "fundamentals" as they are expressed in ''The Fundamentals'', they are often willing to participate in events with religious groups that do not hold to the "essential" doctrines.<ref>Carpenter, ''Revive us Again'' (1997) p 200</ref>