Editing Frigatebird (section)

===Classification===
Frigatebirds were grouped with [[cormorant]]s, and [[Sulidae|sulids]] ([[gannet]]s and [[booby|boobies]]) as well as pelicans in the [[genus]] ''Pelecanus'' by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He described the distinguishing characteristics as a straight bill hooked at the tip, linear nostrils, a bare face, and fully webbed feet.<ref name="linnaeus">{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carolus | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | title=Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata |location=Holmiae|publisher=Laurentii Salvii| year=1758| volume=1 | language = la |quote = Rostrum edentulum, rectum: apice adunco, unguiculato. Nares lineares. Facies nuda. Pedes digitís omnibus palmatis. |pages=132–34|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727037}}</ref> The genus ''Fregata'' was introduced by French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=15 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</ref> The [[type species]] was designated as the Ascension frigatebird by French zoologist [[François Marie Daudin]] in 1802.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Lacépède  | first1=Bernard Germain de | author1-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | last2=Daudin | first2=François Marie | author2-link=François Marie Daudin | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des oiseaux, par le Cen Lacépède; avec l'indication de toutes les espèces décrites par Buffon, et leur distribution dans chacun des genres, par F. M. Daudin | date=1799 | language=French | editor-last=Buffon | editor-first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | editor-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | title=Histoire Naturelle par Buffon Dédiée au citoyen Lacépède, membre de l'Institut National | volume=14: Quadrupedes | location=Paris | publisher=P. Didot l'ainé et Firmin Didot | pages=197–346 [317] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42033567 }} Although the date of 1799 is printed on the title page, this volume was not published until 1802. For a discussion of the date see: {{ cite journal | last=Richmond | first=Charles W. | author-link=Charles Wallace Richmond | date=1899 | title=On the date of Lacépède's 'Tableaux' | journal=Auk | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=325–329 | doi=10.2307/4069359 | jstor=4069359 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15935570 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=159 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108799 }}</ref> [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] described the genus name ''Tachypetes'' in 1816 for the [[great frigatebird]]. The genus name ''Atagen'' had been coined by German naturalist [[Paul Möhring]] in 1752, though this has no validity as it predates the official beginning of [[Linnaean taxonomy]].<ref name="AFD2">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/FREGATIDAE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207221612/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/FREGATIDAE|archive-date=2014-12-07 |title=Family Fregatidae Degland & Gerbe, 1867 |last=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=26 August 2014 |work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|access-date=30 November 2014|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}</ref>

In 1874, English zoologist [[Alfred Henry Garrod]] published a study where he had examined various groups of birds and recorded which muscles of a selected group of five{{efn|1=ambiens, fermorocaudal, accessory femorocaudal, semitendinosus, and accessory tendinosus<ref name="garrod 1874"/>}}  they possessed or lacked. Noting that the muscle patterns were different among the steganopodes (classical [[Pelecaniformes]]), he resolved that there were divergent lineages in the group that should be in separate [[Family (biology)|families]], including frigatebirds in their own family Fregatidae.<ref name="garrod 1874">{{cite journal|last=Garrod|first=Alfred Henry|date=1874|title=On certain muscles of birds and their value in classification|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|volume=42|issue=1|pages=111–23|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28502198|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02459.x}}</ref> Urless N. Lanham observed in 1947 that frigatebirds bore some skeletal characteristics more in common with [[Procellariiformes]] than Pelecaniformes, though concluded they still belonged in the latter group (as suborder Fregatae), albeit as an early offshoot.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lanham, Urless N. |journal=The Auk | volume=64|issue=1|pages=65–70 |year=1947|title= Notes on the phylogeny of the Pelecaniformes |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v064n01/p0065-p0070.pdf |doi=10.2307/4080063|jstor=4080063 }}</ref> Martyn Kennedy and colleagues derived a [[cladogram]] based on behavioural characteristics of the traditional Pelecaniformes, calculating the frigatebirds to be more divergent than pelicans from a core group of gannets, [[darters]] and cormorants, and [[tropicbirds]] the most distant lineage.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Martyn |author2=Spencer, Hamish G. |author3=Gray, Russell D.|date=1996|title=Hop, step and gape: do the social displays of the Pelecaniformes reflect phylogeny?|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=51|issue=2|pages=273–91|url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/jbasil/documents/Pelicanslecture2.pdf | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0028|s2cid=53202305 }}</ref> The classification of this group as the traditional Pelecaniformes, united by feet that are [[Bird feet and legs#Webbing and lobation|totipalmate]] (with all four toes linked by webbing) and the presence of a gular pouch, persisted until the early 1990s.<ref name="Hedges94">{{cite journal|author1=Hedges, S. Blair |author2=Sibley, Charles G. |year=1994|title=Molecules vs. morphology in avian evolution: the case of the "pelecaniform" birds|journal=PNAS|volume=91|issue=21|pages=9861–65|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.21.9861|pmid=7937906 |pmc=44917|bibcode=1994PNAS...91.9861H |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[DNA–DNA hybridization]] studies of [[Charles Sibley]] and [[Jon Edward Ahlquist]] placed the frigatebirds in a lineage with [[penguin]]s, [[loon]]s, [[petrel]]s and [[albatross]]es.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sibley|first=Charles Gald|author2=Ahlquist, Jon Edward|title=Phylogeny and classification of birds|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|date=1990|isbn=978-0-300-04085-2}}</ref> Subsequent genetic studies place the frigatebirds as a [[sister group]] to the group [[Suloidea]], which comprises the gannets and boobies, cormorants and darters.<ref name = "Hackett2008">{{cite journal| last1 =  Hackett| first1 = Shannon J.| last2 = Kimball | first2 = Rebecca T.| last3 = Reddy | first3 = Sushma| last4 = Bowie | first4 = Rauri C. K.| last5 = Braun | first5 = Edward L.| last6 = Braun | first6 = Michael J.| last7 = Chojnowski | first7 = Jena L.| last8 = Cox | first8 = W. Andrew| last9 = Han | first9 = Kin-Lan| last10 =  Harshman | first10 =  John| last11 =  Huddleston | first11 =  Christopher J.| last12 =  Marks | first12 =  Ben D.| last13 =  Miglia | first13 =  Kathleen J.| last14 =  Moore | first14 =  William S.| last15 =  Sheldon | first15 =  Frederick H.| last16 =  Steadman | first16 =  David W.| last17 =  Witt | first17 =  Christopher C.| last18 =  Yuri | first18 =  Tamaki | title = A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history| journal = Science| date = 2008| volume = 320| issue = 5884| pages = 1763–68| doi = 10.1126/science.1157704| pmid =  18583609| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid = 6472805| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5884/1763}}</ref><ref name=smith/> Microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995 found that the eggshells of frigatebirds resembled those of other Pelecaniformes in having a covering of thick microglobular material over the crystalline shells.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mikhailov |first=Konstantin E. |title=Eggshell structure in the shoebill and pelecaniform birds: comparison with hamerkop, herons, ibises and storks |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |year=1995 |issue=9 |volume=73 |pages= 1754–70 |doi=10.1139/z95-207}}</ref>

Molecular studies have consistently shown that [[pelican]]s, the namesake family of the Pelecaniformes, are actually more closely related to [[heron]]s, [[Threskiornithidae|ibises and spoonbills]], the [[hamerkop]] and the [[shoebill]] than to the remaining species. In recognition of this, the [[order (biology)|order]] comprising the frigatebirds and Suloidea was renamed [[Suliformes]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser  | first1=R. Terry  | last2=Banks | first2=Richard C. | last3=Barker | first3=F. Keith  | last4=Cicero | first4=Carla  | last5=Dunn | first5=Jon L. | last6=Kratter | first6=Andrew W. | last7=Lovette | first7=Irby J. | last8=Rasmussen | first8=Pamela C. | last9=Remsen  | first9=J.V. Jr | last10=Rising | first10=James D. | last11=Stotz  | first11=Douglas F. | last12=Winker  | first12=Kevin | year=2010 | title=Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=127 | issue= 3 |pages= 726–44|doi=10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.726| s2cid=86363169 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236285 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/taxonomy-version-2/|title=Taxonomy Version 2|work=IOC World Bird List: Taxonomy Updates – v2.6 (23 October 2010) |year=2010|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

In 1994, the family name Fregatidae, cited as described in 1867 by French naturalists [[Côme-Damien Degland]] and [[Zéphirin Gerbe]], was [[Conserved name|conserved]] under Article 40(b) of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] in preference to the 1840 description Tachypetidae by [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt]]. This was because the genus names ''Atagen'' and ''Tachypetes'' had been [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymised]] with ''Fregata'' before 1961, resulting in the aligning of family and genus names.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and nomenclature of avian family-group names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Issue 222 | pages=131, 166 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref>