Editing Friday the 13th (1980 film) (section)

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:F13Variety.jpg|thumb|upright|''Friday the 13th'' did not have a completed script when Sean S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in ''Variety'' magazine]]
''Friday the 13th'' was produced and directed by [[Sean S. Cunningham]], who had previously worked with filmmaker [[Wes Craven]] on the film ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]''. Cunningham, inspired by [[John Carpenter]]'s ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'',{{sfn|Grove|2005|pp=11–12}} wanted ''Friday the 13th'' to be shocking, visually stunning and "[make] you jump out of your seat."{{sfn|Grove|2005|pp=11–12}} Wanting to distance himself from ''The Last House on the Left'', Cunningham wanted ''Friday the 13th'' to be more of a "roller-coaster ride".{{sfn|Grove|2005|pp=11–12}}

The original screenplay was tentatively titled ''A Long Night at Camp Blood''.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=18}} While working on a redraft of the screenplay, Cunningham proposed the title ''Friday the 13th'', after which Miller began redeveloping.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=18}} Cunningham rushed out to place an advertisement in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' using the ''Friday the 13th'' title.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=17}} Worried that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately. He commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his concept of the ''Friday the 13th'' logo, which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass.{{sfn|Grove|2005|pp=15–16}} In the end, Cunningham believed there were "no problems" with the title, but distributor George Mansour stated, "There was a movie before ours called ''Friday the 13th: The Orphan''. It was moderately successful. But someone still threatened to sue. Either Phil Scuderi paid them off, but it was finally resolved."{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=17}}

The screenplay was completed in mid-1979{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=18}} by [[Victor Miller (writer)|Victor Miller]], who later went on to write for several television [[soap opera]]s, including ''[[Guiding Light]]'', ''[[One Life to Live]]'' and ''[[All My Children]]''; at the time, Miller was living in [[Stratford, Connecticut]], near Cunningham, and the two had begun collaborating on potential film projects.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=17}} Miller delighted in inventing a serial killer who turned out to be somebody's mother, a murderer whose only motivation was her love for her child. "I took motherhood and turned it on its head and I think that was great fun. Mrs. Voorhees was the mother I'd always wanted—a mother who would have killed for her kids."<ref name=miller/> Miller was unhappy about the filmmakers' decision to make Jason Voorhees the killer in the sequels. "Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain."<ref name=miller>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Victor |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.victormiller.com/faq.php |work=Victor Miller Official Site |access-date=June 25, 2017 |quote=I have a major problem with all of them because they made Jason the villain. I still believe that the best part of my screenplay was the fact that a mother figure was the serial killer—working from a horribly twisted desire to avenge the senseless death of her son, Jason. Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain. |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924054710/http://victormiller.com/faq.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The idea of Jason appearing at the end of the film was initially not used in the original script; in Miller's final draft, the film ended with Alice merely floating on the lake.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=20}} Jason's appearance was actually suggested by makeup designer [[Tom Savini]].{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=20}} Savini stated that "The whole reason for the cliffhanger at the end was I had just seen ''[[Carrie (1976 film)|Carrie]]'', so we thought that we need a 'chair jumper' like that, and I said, 'let's bring in Jason'".<ref>{{cite news|title=Jason Voorhees: From mama's boy to his own man|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/story/462246p-388901c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114062638/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/story/462246p-388901c.html|archive-date=November 14, 2006 |work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date=December 11, 2006 |date=October 19, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Casting===
A New York-based firm, headed by Julie Hughes and Barry Moss, was hired to find eight young actors to play the camp's staff members. Cunningham admits that he was not looking for "great actors", but anyone that was likable, and appeared to be a responsible camp counselor.{{sfn|Grove|2005|pages=21–28}} The way Cunningham saw it, the actors would need to look good, read the dialogue somewhat well, and work cheap. Moss and Hughes were happy to find four actors, [[Kevin Bacon]], [[Laurie Bartram]], Peter Brouwer, and [[Adrienne King]], who had previously appeared on [[soap operas]].{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}} The role of [[Alice (Friday the 13th)|Alice Hardy]] was set up as an open casting call, a publicity stunt used to attract more attention to the film. The producers originally wanted [[Sally Field]] for the role of Alice, but realized that they could not afford an established high-profile actress and went for unknowns instead. According to Adrienne King. "originally, [the producers] were looking really hard for a name actress to play Alice. They finally realized that even if they could find somebody like that who was willing to do it, they wouldn't be able to afford her, so they decided to go with new talent instead."<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine=[[Fangoria]] | issue=83 | title=The Women of Crystal Lake Part One | author=Marc Shapiro | date=June 1989 | pages=18–21}}</ref> King earned an audition primarily because she was the friend of someone working in Moss and Hughes's office, and Cunningham felt she embodied the qualities of Alice.{{sfn|Norman|2014|p=84}} After she auditioned, Moss recalls Cunningham commenting that they saved the best actress for last.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}} As Cunningham explains, he was looking for people that could behave naturally, and King was able to show that to him in the audition.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}}
{{quote box
| quote = I didn't even really think of this movie as a horror film. To me, this was a small independent film about carefree teenagers who are having a rip-roaring time at a summer camp where they happen to be working as counselors. Then they just happen to get killed.
| source =—Jeannine Taylor on how she viewed ''Friday the 13th''{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}}
| align = left
| bgcolor = #C2DFFF
| width = 28em
| salign = right
}}

With King cast in the role of lead heroine Alice, Laurie Bartram was hired to play Brenda. Kevin Bacon, [[Mark Nelson (actor)|Mark Nelson]] and Jeannine Taylor, who had known each other prior to the film, were cast as Jack, Ned, and Marcie respectively. It is Bacon and Nelson's contention that, because the three already knew each other, they already had the specific chemistry the casting director was looking for in the roles of Jack, Ned, and Marcie.{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}} Taylor has stated that Hughes and Moss were highly regarded while she was an actress, so when they offered her an audition she felt that, whatever the part, it would "be a good opportunity."{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}}

''Friday the 13th'' was Nelson's first feature film, and when he went in for his first audition, the only thing he was given to read were some comedic scenes. Nelson received a call back for a second audition, which required him to wear a bathing suit, which, Nelson acknowledges, made him start to wonder if something was off about this film. He did not fully realize what was going on until he got the part and was given the full script to read. Nelson explains, "It certainly was not a straight dramatic role, and it was only after they offered me the part that they gave me the full script to read and I realized how much blood was in it."{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}} Nelson believes that Ned used humor to hide his insecurities, especially around Brenda, whom the actor believes Ned was attracted to. Nelson recalls an early draft of the script stating that Ned suffered from [[Poliomyelitis|polio]], and his legs were deformed while his upper body was muscular.{{Sfn|Grove|2005|pages= 36–39}} Ned is believed to have given birth to the "practical joker victim" of horror films.{{sfn|Grove|2005|p=41}} According to author David Grove, there was no equivalent character in [[John Carpenter]]'s ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'', or [[Bob Clark]]'s ''[[Black Christmas (1974 film)|Black Christmas]]'' before that. He served as a model for the slasher films that would follow ''Friday the 13th''.{{sfn|Grove|2005|p=41}}
{{quote box
| quote = I went in to audition for [Moss and Hughes] for something else. They said, "You know, Robbi, you're not really right for this, but there's a movie called ''Friday the 13th'' and they need an adorable camp counselor."
| source =—Robbi Morgan on how she obtained the role of Annie{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}}
| align = right
| width = 30em
| bgcolor=#C2DFFF
| salign = right
}}

The part of Bill was given to [[Harry Crosby (businessman)|Harry Crosby]], son of [[Bing Crosby]].<ref name=freaky/> Robbi Morgan, who played Annie, was not auditioning for the film when she was offered the role; while in her office, Hughes looked at Morgan and proclaimed, "You're a camp counselor." The next day,  Morgan was on the set.{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}}  Morgan only appeared on set for a day to shoot all her scenes. [[Rex Everhart]], who portrayed Enos, did not film the truck scenes with Morgan, so she had to either act with an imaginary Enos, or exchange dialogue with Taso Stavrakis—Savini's assistant—who would sit in the truck with her.{{sfn|Grove|2005|pages=34–35}} It was Peter Brouwer's girlfriend that helped him land a role on ''Friday the 13th''. After recently being written off the show ''[[Love of Life]]'', Brouwer moved back to Connecticut to look for work. Learning that his girlfriend was working as an [[assistant director]] for ''Friday the 13th'', Brouwer asked about any openings. Initially told casting was looking for big stars to fill the role of Steve Christy, it was not until Sean Cunningham dropped by to deliver a message to Brouwer's girlfriend, and saw him working in a garden, that Brouwer was hired.{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}}

[[Estelle Parsons]] was initially asked to portray the film's killer, Mrs. Voorhees, but declined with her agent citing that the film was too violent, and did not know what kind of actress would play such a part. [[Shelley Winters]] was also offered the part, but turned it down.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url = https://ew.com/article/2013/11/22/friday-the-13th-kevin-bacon/|title = 'On Location in Blairstown: The Making of Friday the 13th': Author Q&A|magazine = [[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date = July 7, 2021|archive-date = November 17, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201117173807/https://ew.com/article/2013/11/22/friday-the-13th-kevin-bacon/|url-status = live}}</ref> Hughes and Moss sent a copy of the script to Betsy Palmer, in hopes that she would accept the part. Palmer could not understand why someone would want her for a part in a horror film, as she had previously starred in films such as ''[[Mister Roberts (1955 film)|Mister Roberts]]'', ''The Angry Man'', and ''[[The Tin Star]]''. Palmer only agreed to play the role because she needed to buy a new car, even when she believed the film to "be a piece of shit."{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}} Stavrakis subbed for Betsy Palmer as well, which involved Morgan's character being chased through the woods by Mrs. Voorhees, although the audience only sees a pair of legs running after Morgan. Palmer had just arrived in town when those scenes were about to be filmed, and was not in the physical shape necessary to chase Morgan around the woods. Morgan's training as an [[Acrobatics|acrobat]] assisted her in these scenes, as her character was required to leap out of a moving jeep when she discovers that Mrs. Voorhees does not intend to take her to the camp.{{sfn|Grove|2005|pages=34–35}} Betsy Palmer explains how she developed the character of Mrs. Voorhees:

{{blockquote|Being an actress who uses the [[Stanislavski's system|Stanislavsky method]], I always try to find details about my character. With Pamela ... I began with a class ring that I remember reading in the script that she'd worn. Starting with that, I traced Pamela back to my own high school days in the early 1940s. So it's 1944, a very conservative time, and Pamela has a steady boyfriend. They have sex—which is very bad of course—and Pamela soon gets pregnant with Jason. The father takes off and when Pamela tells her parents, they disown her because having ... babies out of [[Marriage|wedlock]] isn't something that good girls do. I think she took Jason and raised him the best she could, but he turned out to be a very strange boy. [She took] lots of odd jobs and one of those jobs was as a cook at a summer camp. Then Jason drowns and her whole world collapses. What were the counselors doing instead of watching Jason? They were having sex, which is the way that she got into trouble. From that point on, Pamela became very psychotic and puritanical in her attitudes as she was determined to kill all of the immoral camp counselors.{{sfn|Grove|2005|pages=49–50}}}}

Cunningham wanted to make the Mrs. Voorhees character "terrifying", and to that end he believed it was important that Palmer not act "over the top." There was also the fear that Palmer's past credits, as more of a wholesome character, would make it difficult to believe she could be scary.{{sfn|Grove|2005|p=52}} Palmer was paid $1000 per day for her ten days on set.<ref name=freaky>{{cite news|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|pages=D–1, {{URL|https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22938843/pittsburgh_postgazette/|D-5}}|author=Vancheri, Barbara|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|date=February 13, 2009|via=Newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22938812/pittsburgh_postgazette/|title=Freaky Friday|access-date=August 19, 2018|archive-date=August 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182217/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22938812/pittsburgh_postgazette/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ari Lehman, who had previously auditioned for Cunningham's ''Manny's Orphans'', failing to get the part, was determined to land the role of Jason Voorhees. According to Lehman, he went in very intense and afterward Cunningham told him he was perfect for the part.{{sfn|Grove|2005 |pages=21–28}} In addition to the main cast, [[Walt Gorney]] came on as "Crazy Ralph", the town's [[Oracle|soothsayer]]. The character of Crazy Ralph was meant to establish two functions: foreshadow the events to come, and insinuate that he could actually be the murderer. Cunningham has stated that he was apprehensive about including the character, and is not sure if he accomplished his goal of creating a new suspect.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|pages=19–21}}

===Filming===
[[File:Boat at NoBeBoSco 07162018.jpg|thumb|[[Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco]]]]
The film was shot in and around the townships of [[Hardwick, New Jersey|Hardwick]], [[Blairstown, New Jersey|Blairstown]], and [[Hope Township, New Jersey|Hope]], in [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], [[New Jersey]] in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scout camp]], [[Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco]] which is located in Hardwick.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite web|work=The Telegraph|title=Friday the 13th: nine things you didn't know about the movie|author=Hawkes, Rebecca|date=October 13, 2017|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/05/13/friday-the-13th-nine-things-you-never-knew/|access-date=August 19, 2018|archive-date=August 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182122/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/05/13/friday-the-13th-nine-things-you-never-knew/|url-status=live}}</ref> The camp is still standing and still operates as a summer camp.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cummins, Emily|date=May 5, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/warrenreporter/index.ssf/2014/05/the_historic_blairstown_theatr_1.html|title=Blairstown Theatre to screen latest horror film by local director|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313131806/http://www.nj.com/warrenreporter/index.ssf/2014/05/the_historic_blairstown_theatr_1.html |archive-date=March 13, 2016|work=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Blairstown Theater Festival">{{cite web|url=http://blairstowntheaterfestival.com/friday_the_13th_connection.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712120123/http://www.blairstowntheaterfestival.com/friday_the_13th_connection.htm|archive-date= July 12, 2007|title=Blairstown Theater Festival|publisher=Blairstown Theater|access-date=March 2, 2008}}</ref>

[[Tom Savini]] was hired to design the film's special effects based upon his work in  [[George A. Romero]]'s ''[[Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)|Dawn of the Dead]]'' (1978).<ref name=freaky/> Savini's design contributions included crafting the effects of Marcie's axe wound to the face, the arrow penetrating Jack's throat, and Mrs. Voorhees's decapitation by the machete.<ref name=freaky/> The [[cinematography]] in the film employs recurrent [[point-of-view shot]]s from the perspective of the villain.{{sfn|Dimare|2011|p=186}} A live snake was killed during filming as part of a scene where Alice discovers it in her cabin.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wilhelmi |first1=Jack |last2=Lealos |first2=Shawn S. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Friday The 13th Controversy: Did They Kill A Real Snake? |url=https://screenrant.com/friday-the-13th-movie-controversy-real-snake-death/#:~:text=Summary,like%20PETA%20at%20the%20time. |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Screen Rants |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103200944/https://screenrant.com/friday-the-13th-movie-controversy-real-snake-death/#:~:text=Summary,like%20PETA%20at%20the%20time. |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the filming of the fight sequences between King and Palmer's characters, Palmer suggested rehearsing the scene based on her theater training: "I said to Adrienne that night, 'Why don't we rehearse this scene, I have to slap you,' because on stage when you slap somebody, you slap them."<ref name=telegraph/> While rehearsing, Palmer slapped King in the face, and she began crying: "She collapsed to the floor, crying, 'Sean! [Cunningham] She hit me.' I said, 'Well, of course I hit her, we were rehearsing the scene.' He said, 'No, no, no Betsy, we don't hit people in movies. We miss them.'"<ref name=telegraph/>

===Music===
{{Infobox album
| name       = Friday the 13th
| type       = soundtrack
| artist     = [[Harry Manfredini]]
| cover      =
| alt        =
| released   = January 13, 2012
| recorded   = 1980
| venue      =
| studio     =
| genre      = [[Film score]]
| length     = {{duration|m=43|s=41}}
| label      = [[Gramavision Records]]<br />La-La Land Records
| producer   =
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title =
| next_year  =
}}
When [[Harry Manfredini]] began working on the musical score, the decision was made to only play music when the killer was actually present so as to not "manipulate the audience".<ref name="slash">{{cite web|url=http://www.slasherama.com/features/harry.HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511052302/http://www.slasherama.com/features/harry.HTML|archive-date=May 11, 2006|title=Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini|work=Slasherama|access-date=October 28, 2007}}</ref> Manfredini pointed out the lack of music for certain scenes: "There's a scene where one of the girls ... is setting up the archery area ... One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her. It's a huge scare, but if you notice, there's no music. That was a choice."<ref name="slash"/> Manfredini also noted that when something was going to happen, the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit, and the scare would be that much more effective.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Because the killer, Mrs. Voorhees, appears onscreen only during the final scenes of the film, Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence.<ref name="slash"/> Manfredini borrows from the 1975 film ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', where the shark is likewise not seen for the majority of the film but the motif created by [[John Williams]] cued the audience to the shark's invisible menace.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=39}} [[Sean S. Cunningham]] sought a chorus, but the budget would not allow it. While listening to a [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] piece of music, which contained a chorus with "striking pronunciations", Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound. He came up with the sound "ki ki ki, ma ma ma" from the final reel when Mrs. Voorhees arrives and is reciting "Kill her, mommy!" The "ki" comes from "kill", and the "ma" from "mommy". To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini spoke the two words "harshly, distinctly and rhythmically into a microphone" and ran them into an echo reverberation machine.<ref name="slash"/> Manfredini finished the original score after a couple of weeks, and then recorded the score in a friend's basement.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=39}} Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as "iconographic". Manfredini says, "Everybody thinks it's cha, cha, cha. I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha? What are you talking about?'"<ref name="ReturntoCrystalLake">{{cite video |last1=Miller |first1=Victor |last2=Keuper |first2=Jay |last3=Manfredini |first3=Harry |author-link3=Harry Manfredini |title="Return to Crystal Lake: Making of Friday the 13th" ''Friday the 13th'' DVD |medium=DVD – region 2 |location=United States |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]] |date=1980}}</ref>

In 1982, [[Gramavision Records]] released an [[LP record]] of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.{{sfn|Bracke|2006|p=94}} On 13 January 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lalalandrecords.com/F13.html |title=LA LA LAND RECORDS, Friday the 13th |work=lalalandrecords.com |access-date=June 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115052539/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/F13.html |archive-date=January 15, 2012 }}</ref>