Editing Fred Singer (section)

===1950: United States Navy===
After his masters, Singer joined the armed forces, working for the [[United States Navy]] on [[Naval mine|mine warfare]] and countermeasures from 1944 until 1946. While with the [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] he developed an arithmetic element for an electronic [[digital calculator]] that he called an "electronic brain". He was discharged in 1946 and joined the Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program at the Johns Hopkins University [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] in Silver Spring, Maryland, working there until 1950. He focused on [[ozone]], [[cosmic ray]]s, and the [[ionosphere]], all measured using balloons and rockets launched from [[White Sands, New Mexico]], or from ships out at sea. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] writes that for one mission to launch a rocket, he sailed with a naval operation to the [[Arctic]], and also conducted rocket launching from ships at the equator.<ref name = "scheuering2004" />

From 1950 to 1953, he was attached to the [[Embassy of the United States, London|U.S. Embassy in London]] as a scientific [[liaison officer]] with the [[Office of Naval Research]], where he studied research programs in Europe into [[cosmic radiation]] and [[nuclear physics]].<ref>''Current biography yearbook'', Volume 10, H. W. Wilson Company, 1956; [http://www.sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928135220/http://www.sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html |date=September 28, 2006 }}, Science & Environmental Policy Project, accessed May 15, 2010.</ref> While there, he was one of eight delegates with a background in [[guided weapons]] projects to address the Fourth [[International Astronautical Congress|International Congress of Astronautics]] in Zurich in August 1953, at a time when, as ''The New York Times'' reported, most scientists saw [[space flight]] as thinly disguised science fiction.<ref>Hillaby, John. [https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/03/archives/astronauts-soar-in-eyes-of-science-100-delegates-of-17-societies.html?sq=%2522fred%2520singer%2522&scp=77&st=cse "Astronauts soar in eyes of science"], ''The New York Times'', August 3, 1953.</ref>