Editing Frankford Township, New Jersey (section)

===Geology===
Most of Frankford Township is on the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NJDEP - New Jersey Geological and Water Survey|url=https://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.state.nj.us}}</ref> This is a shale, slate, and limestone formation created 450 million years ago when a chain of volcanic islands collided with proto North America. This is a dark, almost black, shale. However the Jacksonburg formation rides over the Martinsburg shale in most areas. This shale is silver in color in the inside of the shale.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The islands went over the North American plate, creating the Highlands of Sussex County. The Kittatinny Valley was uplifted. The sediment at the bottom of seas was uplifted and formed shale. Millions of years of erosion occurred and there was a second event. About 400 million years ago small continent that was long and thin, collided with proto North America creating folding and faulting. The Silurian Shawnangunk conglomerate that was under a shallow sea, lifted due to pressure. The pressure created heat which melted the silica, bonded the quartz and conglomerate together, creating Kittatinny Mountain.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The Wisconsin Glacier covered all of the township from 21,000 [[Common Era|BCE]] to 13,000 BCE. The glacier covered the top of Kittatinny Mountain. End moraines exist in Stokes State Forest as well as just off [[County Route 565 (New Jersey)|County Route 565]] north of the Skylands Park. Also about a mile south of Ross's Corner is an end moraine. An esker was created when the glacier retreated due to climate warming. Many ponds and lakes created. Culver Lake was created at this time, as the drainage became blocked. The township is drained by two river systems. The Paulinskill and the Wallkill. The Paulinskill travels in a northwesterly direction throughout the township before turning southwest. Papakatkin Creek starts east of Branchville Reservoir and drains into the Wallkill River north of the town of Sussex. Another creek starts near the base of Sunrise Mountain and empties into the Papakatkin Creek near Pellettown. Dry Creek starts at the Branchville Reservoir, travels south and enters into Culver's Creek in Branchville; eventually empties into the Paulinskill. There is a chain of hills between Dry Creek and Papakatin Creek. These hills are what separate the two river drainage systems. The drainage divide is just north of Route 206 and the goes northwest toward Branchville Reservoir. Water near Route 206 or south of Route 206 drains into the Paulinskill. Water north of Route 206 drains into the Wallkill River.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Culvers Gap was made by an ancient stream that was later diverted. The gap's bottom is {{convert|400|feet}} below the top of Kittatinny Mountain, which can be seen for many miles.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}