Editing François Rabelais (section)

===Physician and author ===
[[File:Hotel-Dieu interior, Rabelais.jpg|thumb|Rabelais worked at the hospital [[Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon]] from 1532 to 1535.]]
Around 1527 he left the monastery without authorization, becoming an [[apostasy|apostate]] until [[Pope Paul III]] absolved him of this crime, which carried with it the risk of severe sanctions, in 1536.<ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |last=Lesellier |first= J. |title= L'absolution de Rabelais en cour de Rome ses circonstances. Ses résultats|journal=Humanisme et Renaissance |issue=3 |volume=3 |date=1936 |pages=237–270 |jstor=20673008 |quote=Les moines en rupture de ban se comptaient alors par milliers et, d'une façon générale, l'opinion ne se montrait nullement sévère à leur égard}}</ref>  Until this time, [[church law]] forbade him to work as a doctor or surgeon.{{sfn|Demerson|1986|p=14}}  J. Lesellier surmises that it was during the time he spent in Paris from 1528 to 1530 that two of his three children (François and Junie) were born.<ref name="Lesellier-1938">{{Cite journal |language=fr |last=Lesellier |first= J. |title= Deux enfants naturels de Rabelais légitimés par Paul III |journal=Humanisme et Renaissance |issue=4 |volume=5 |date=1938 |pages=549–570 |jstor=20673173 }}</ref> After Paris, Rabelais went to the [[University of Poitiers]] and then to the [[University of Montpellier]] to study medicine. In 1532 he moved to [[Lyon]], one of the intellectual centres of the Renaissance, and began working as a doctor at the hospital [[Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon]]. During his time in Lyon, he edited Latin works for the printer [[Sebastian Gryphius]], and wrote a famous admiring letter to Erasmus to accompany the transmission of a Greek manuscript from the printer. Gryphius published Rabelais' translations and annotations of [[Hippocrates]], [[Galen]] and [[Giovanni Manardo]].{{sfn|Boulenger|1978|p=xiii}} In 1537 he returned to Montpellier to pay the fees to obtain his licence to practice medicine (April 3) and obtained his doctorate the following month (May 22).{{sfn|Huchon|2011|p=242}} Upon his return to Lyon in the summer, he gave an anatomy lesson at Lyon's Hôtel-Dieu using the corpse of a hanged man,{{sfn|Boulenger|1978|p=xvii}} which [[Etienne Dolet]] described in his ''Carmina''.{{sfn|Huchon|2011|p=247}} It was through his work and scholarship in the field of medicine that Rabelais gained European fame.{{sfn|Demerson|1986|p=15}} 

In 1532, under the pseudonym '''Alcofribas Nasier''' (an [[anagram]] of François Rabelais), he published his first book, ''Pantagruel King of the Dipsodes'', the first of his [[Gargantua and Pantagruel|''Gargantua'' series]], primarily to supplement his income at the hospital.{{sfn|Boulenger|1978|pp=xiii, xv}} The idea of basing an allegory on the lives of giants came to Rabelais from the folklore legend of ''les Grandes chroniques du grand et énorme géant Gargantua'', which were sold by [[colportage|colporteurs]] and at the {{ill|fairs of Lyon|fr|foires de Lyon}} as popular literature in the form of inexpensive pamphlets.{{sfn|Boulenger|1978|p=xiii}} The first edition of an almanac parodying the astrological predictions of the time called ''Pantagrueline prognostications'' appeared for the year 1533 from the press of Rabelais' publisher François Juste. It contained the name "Maître Alcofribas" in its full title. The popular almanacs continued irregularly until the final 1542 edition, which was prepared for the "perpetual year". From 1537, they were printed at the end of Juste's editions of ''Pantagruel''.{{sfn|Huchon|2011|pp=164–165}} Pantagruelism is an "eat, drink and be merry" philosophy, which led his books into disfavor with the theologians but brought them popular success and the admiration of later critics for their focus on the body. This first book, critical of the existing monastic and educational system, contains the first known occurrence in French of the words [[Encyclopedia|''encyclopédie'']], [[Kaballah|''caballe'']], ''progrès'', and [[Utopia|''utopie'']], among others.<ref>{{cite book| last=Huchon| first=Mireille | chapter= Pantagruelistes et mercuriens lyonnais |title= Lyon et l'illustration de la langue française à la Renaissance | editor-last1=Defaux |editor-first1=Gérard | editor-last2=Colombat |editor-first2=Bernard |language=fr | year=2003 | page=405 | publisher=ENS Éditions | isbn=978-2-84788-032-8 }}</ref><ref>Original context ([https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Pantagruel/%C3%89dition_Marty-Laveaux,_1868/Chapitre_20 fr] / [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl6PtUdIFawC&dq=THAUMASTE+GOT+UP&pg=PA201 en])</ref> The book became popular, along with its 1534 [[prequel]], which dealt with the life and exploits of Pantagruel's father Gargantua, and which was more infused with the politics of the day and overtly favorable to the monarchy than the preceding volume had been. The 1534 re-edition of ''Pantagruel'' contains many orthographic, grammatical, and typographical innovations, in particular the use of diacritics (accents, apostrophes, and [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaereses]]), which was then new in French.{{sfn|Huchon|2011|pp=183–187}} Mireille Huchon ascribes this innovation in part to the influence of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'' on French letters.{{sfn|Huchon|2011|pp=188–192}}