Editing Foreign relations of Somalia (section)

===Africa===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Djibouti}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Djibouti–Somalia relations]]

As the headquarters of the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] regional body, [[Djibouti]] has been an active participant in the Somali peace process. It hosted the [[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] conference in 2000,<ref name="Somvir">{{cite web |url=http://somavires.org/diary.html |title=The Rise and Fall of the Somalia Airforce: A Diary Reflection |publisher=Somavires.org |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226192809/http://somavires.org/diary.html |archive-date=2014-02-26 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> as well as the 2008-2009 talks between the [[Transitional Federal Government]] and the [[Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia]], which led to the formation of a coalition government.<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204029/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2007|title=Somalia|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2013-03-22}}</ref> In 2011, Djibouti joined the [[African Union Mission to Somalia]].<ref name="Sdpaimtja">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Djibouti Peacekeepers Arrive in Mogadishu to Join Amisom|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112211223.html|access-date=22 March 2013|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=21 December 2011}}</ref> Following the establishment of the [[Federal Government of Somalia]] in 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> a Djibouti delegation also attended the inauguration ceremony of Somalia's new president.<ref name="Piuinefs">{{cite news|last=Mohamed|first=Mahmoud|title=Presidential inauguration ushers in new era for Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Egypt–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the territories of present-day [[Egypt]] and Somalia stretch back to antiquity.<ref name="Aroemofa">{{cite web|title=Somalia - Brief History|url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/EgyptianForeignPolicy/EgyptianArabRelation/BilateralRelations/Somalia/Pages/History.aspx|publisher=Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214231447/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/EgyptianForeignPolicy/EgyptianArabRelation/BilateralRelations/Somalia/Pages/History.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Middle Ages and early modern era, the various [[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Somali Sultanates]] also maintained close relations with their counterparts in Egypt.<ref>P. L. Shinnie, ''The African Iron Age'', (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135</ref>

During the ensuing colonial period, Egypt and Somalia kept close ties through the UN delegate to Somalia Kamal El Din Salah, who supported the territorial integrity of the Somali territories. Upon independence of the Somali Republic in 1960, Egypt was among the first nations to recognize the nascent country. It subsequently invested heavily in the education sector, with [[Cairo]]'s [[Al-Azhar University]] leading scholastic and [[Muslim]] missions in Mogadishu, among other areas.<ref name="Aroemofa"/> In 1969, Somalia and Egypt were among the founding members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). Both nations are also members of the [[League of Arab States]].

After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Egypt maintained diplomatic relations with the Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, and supported their state-building initiatives. As part of the International Contact Group, the Egyptian authorities participated in various global summits in support of the Somali peace process, including the Khartoum Conference in 2006, the Djibouti Conference in 2008, and the Cairo Conference in 2010. It also organized diplomatic training for Somali government officials in conjunction with the Somali Institute for Diplomatic Studies.<ref name="Aroemofa"/>

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the Egyptian authorities, who re-affirmed Egypt's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos">{{cite web |title=Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sg2187.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ethiopia–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the peoples of Somalia and Ethiopia stretch back to antiquity, to a common origin. The Ethiopian region is one of the proposed homelands of the [[Horn of Africa]]'s various [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] communities.<ref name="Levine">{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Donald N.|title=Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multi-ethnic Society|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226475611|pages=27–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC}}</ref>

During the Middle Ages, Somali [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] (Ahmad Gurey or Gragn) led a [[Ethiopian-Adal War|Conquest of Abyssinia]] (''Futuh al-Habash''), which brought three-quarters of the Christian [[Ethiopian Empire]] under the power of the [[Muslim]] [[Adal Sultanate]].<ref>Saheed A. Adejumobi, ''The History of Ethiopia'', (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p.163</ref> With an army mainly composed of [[Somali people|Somalis]],<ref>John L. Esposito, editor, ''The Oxford History of Islam'', (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501</ref> Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war.<ref>David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'' (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, a territorial dispute over the [[Ogaden]] region led to various armed confrontations between the Somali and Ethiopian militaries. The tensions culminated in the [[Ogaden War]], which saw the Somali army capture most of the disputed territory by September 1977, before finally being expelled by a coalition of communist forces.

With changes in leadership in the early 1990s brought on by the start of the [[Somali Civil War]] and [[Ethiopian Civil War]], respectively, relations between the Somali and Ethiopian authorities entered a new phase of military cooperation against the [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU) rebel group and its more radical successor [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]. In October 2011, a [[Operation Linda Nchi|coordinated multinational operation]] began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia; the Ethiopian military eventually joined the [[Transitional Federal Government]]-led mission the following month.<ref name="Eatbsaois">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Military Operations, IGAD Says |work=Businessweek |date=1 December 2011 |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>

The Federal Government of Somalia was later established on August 20, 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> The following month, [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.<ref name="Piuinefs"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kenya}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Kenya–Somalia relations]]

Relations between Kenya and Somalia have historically been tense. Agitations over self-determination in the Somali-inhabited [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|Northern Frontier District]] culminated in the [[Shifta War]] during the 1960s.<ref name="Howard">[[Rhoda E. Howard]], ''Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa'', (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95</ref> Although the conflict ended in a cease-fire, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their kin in Somalia.<ref name="Godfrey">Godfrey Mwakikagile, ''Kenya: identity of a nation'', (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2007), p.79.</ref>

In October 2011, a [[Operation Linda Nchi|coordinated operation]] between the [[Somali Armed Forces|Somali military]] and the [[Kenya Defence Forces|Kenyan military]] began against the [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] group of insurgents in southern Somalia.<ref name="Tssgskfm">{{cite web|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |title=Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |publisher=Standardmedia.co.ke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=2012-03-14 }}</ref><ref name="Jointc">{{cite web|title=Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi |url=http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:joint-communique&catid=35:news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130172143/http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399%3Ajoint-communique&catid=35%3Anews |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kenya |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> The mission was officially led by the Somali army, with the Kenyan forces providing a support role.<ref name="Jointc"/> In early June 2012, Kenyan troops were formally integrated into [[AMISOM]].<ref name="Gkdmaaaism">{{cite news|title=Kenya: Defense Minister appointed as acting Internal Security Minister |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Kenya_Defense_Minister_appointed_as_acting_Internal_Security_Minister.shtml |access-date=20 June 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130165830/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Kenya_Defense_Minister_appointed_as_acting_Internal_Security_Minister.shtml |archive-date=30 November 2012 }}</ref>
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