Editing Foreign relations of Eritrea (section)

==Bilateral relations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}}||4 June 1999||See [[Foreign relations of Croatia|Croatia–Eritrea relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/overview-of-bilateral-treaties-of-the-republic-of-croatia-by-country/22801?country=32 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=mvep.gov.hr}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Denmark}}
|28 September 1993
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1993<ref name="webarkiv.ft.dk"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressemeddelelse: Danmark og Eritrea har i dag optaget diplomatiske forbindelser på ambassadørplan |url=https://www.ft.dk/da/search?q=Pressemeddelelse:%20Danmark%20og%20Eritrea%20har%20i%20dag%20optaget%20diplomatiske%20...&SearchDepthFull=1&sf=udb&msf=udb&as=1&Samling=&Udvalg=&Bilagstype=&PeriodenFrom=&PeriodenTo=&Udvalgsbilag=&Emneord= |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=ft.dk |language=da}}</ref>                                                                 See [[Denmark–Eritrea relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||22 May 1993||See [[Eritrea–Ethiopia relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1993 when first Ambassador of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia's to Eritrea Mr. Awalom Woldu Tuku presented his credentials to President Issaias Afwerki.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxgOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Awalom+Woldu+Tuku+presented+his+credentials&pg=RA7-PA3 |title=Eritrea Update |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada |year=1992 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> Diplomatic relations were broken on 12 May 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea went to war over the disputed border area of Badme.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander De Waal |title=Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa |publisher=C. Hurst |year=2004 |pages=211}}</ref> Diplomatic relations were restored on 8 July 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaders of Ethiopia, Eritrea restore diplomatic relations after 20-year standoff |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ethiopia-eritrea-restore-diplomatic-relations-1.4738578 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=cbc.ca}}</ref>

In December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a [[Algiers Agreement (2000)|peace treaty]] ending their war and created a pair of binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean-Ethiopian Claims Commission,  to rule on their disputed border and related claims. In April 2002 The Commission released its decision (with a clarification in 2003).<ref>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4041073.stm| title = Q&A: Horn's bitter border war| publisher = BBC| date = 2005-12-07| access-date = 2006-06-07| location=London}}</ref> Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war.<ref name="horntension1">{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3457957.stm| title = Horn tensions trigger UN warning| publisher = BBC| date = 2004-02-04| access-date = 2006-06-07| location=London}}</ref><ref name="horntension3">{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stm| title = Horn border tense before deadline| publisher = BBC| date = 2005-12-23| access-date = 2006-06-07| location=London}}</ref> Since these decisions Ethiopia has refused to permit the physical demarcation of the border while Eritrea insists the border must be demarcated as defined by the commission. Consequently, the Boundary Commission ruled boundary as virtually demarcated and effective.

Eritrea maintains a military force on its border with Ethiopia roughly equal in size to Ethiopia's force, which has required a general mobilization of a significant portion of the population.<ref>{{cite news| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4400580.stm| title = Army build-up near Horn frontier| publisher = BBC| date = 2005-11-02| access-date = 2006-06-07 | location=London}}</ref> Eritrea has viewed this border dispute as an existential threat to itself in particular and the African Union in general, because it deals with the supremacy of colonial boundaries in Africa.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2916635.stm | title=Eritrea warns Ethiopia on border|date=2003-04-04|access-date=2012-02-01|work=BBC News}}</ref> Since the border conflict Ethiopia no longer uses Eritrean ports for its trade.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2488499.stm| title= Ethiopia rejects Eritrean ports| date=2002-11-18| access-date=2012-02-01| work=BBC News}}</ref>

During the border conflict and since, Ethiopia has fostered militants against Eritrea (including ethnic separatists and religiously based organizations).<ref>{{cite news | title=Eritrea Accuses Ethiopia of Border Attacks | date=27 December 2007 | publisher=Voice of America | url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-27-voa44.cfm | work=VOA News | access-date=2008-12-27 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729160613/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-27-voa44.cfm | archive-date=2012-07-29 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Eritrea has retaliated by hosting militant groups against Ethiopia as well. The United Nations Security Council argues that Eritrea and Ethiopia have expanded their dispute to a second theater, [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite book
  | title = Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1853 (2008)
  | publisher = Monitoring Group on Somalia
  | date = 2010-03-10
  | url = https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2010/91}}</ref>

In March 2012, Ethiopia attacked Eritrean army outposts along the border. Addis Ababa said the assault was in retaliation for the training and support given by Asmara to subversives while Eritrea said the U.S. knew of the attacks, an accusation denied by U.S. officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/eritrean_president_discusses_path_to_development/727263.html|title=Eritrean President Discusses Path to Development|website=VOA|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

In July 2018, leaders both countries [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit|signed]] a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-eritrea-economy-idUSKBN1JZ2KS|title=Ex-foes Ethiopia, Eritrea eye peace dividend after historic deal|newspaper=Reuters|date=9 July 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
* Eritrea has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Asmara]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland}}||28 May 1993||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland and Eritrea |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/eri/finland-and-eritrea |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=finlandabroad.fi}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany}}
|3 August 1993
|See [[Eritrea–Germany relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1993<ref name="Eritrea: Überblick"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Israel}}||24 May 1993||See [[Eritrea–Israel relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts. Part 4, The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America |publisher=Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation |year=1993 |pages=5}}</ref>

Eritrea developed relations with Israel shortly after gaining its independence in 1993, despite protests among Arab countries. Israeli-Eritrean relations are close. The president of Eritrea has visited Israel for medical treatment. However, Eritrea condemned Israeli military action during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_009246.html |title = WebCite query result |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090125141157/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_009246.html |archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Israeli-Eritrean ties are complicated by Israel's close ties to Ethiopia, who have shared an unfriendly dyad with Eritrea for a long time.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Italy}}||24 May 1993||See [[Eritrea–Italy relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serie generale n. 164: 24 maggio 1993, Asmara. 376. 30 marzo 1993. 247. Dichiarazione congiunta sulla instaurazione delle relazioni diplomatiche tra Italia e Eritrea. |url=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/do/atto/serie_generale/caricaPdf?cdimg=093A384200100010110001&dgu=1993-07-15&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1993-07-15&art.codiceRedazionale=093A3842&art.num=1&art.tiposerie=SG |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=gazzettaufficiale.it |language=it}}</ref>
* Eritrea has an embassy in [[Rome]] and a consulate in [[Milan]].
* Italy has an embassy in Asmara.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||23 June 1993||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES V DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA |url=https://infosen.senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/63/1/2016-04-21-1/assets/documentos/Dict_Rel_Ext_Emb_Egipto.pdf |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=infosen.senado.gob.mx |page=10 |language=es}}</ref>
* Eritrea is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]], United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyeritrea.org/|title=The Embassy of Eritrea - Washington D.C.|website=www.embassyeritrea.org|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
* Mexico is accredited to Eritrea from its embassy in [[Cairo, Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/egipto |title=Embassy of Mexico in Egypt |publisher=Embamex.sre.gob.mx |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|North Korea}}
|1993
|Despite Pyongyang's alignment with Ethiopia during the Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrea has maintained diplomatic relations with North Korea since the 1990s. Covert military ties also exist between Eritrea and North Korea.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Salem |title=US Imposes New Sanctions on Eritrea's Navy Over North Korea Links |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-sanctions-eritrea-navy-over-north-korea-links/3802651.html |access-date=12 January 2023 |date=8 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Portugal}}
|8 June 1995
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1995 when Ambassador of Portugal to Eritrea with residence in Nairobi Mr. José Caetano da Costa Pereira presented his credentials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eritreia |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/eritreia |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Qatar}}||5 July 1993<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Eritrea Update, August 1993 |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada |pages=Page 2}}</ref>||
During the [[2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis]], Eritrea refused a request by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates to cut relations with [[Qatar]], citing its "strong ties with the brother people of Qatar."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Atılgan|first1=Ayşe Hümeyra|title=Eritrea rejects cutting ties with Qatar|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/africa/eritrea-rejects-cutting-ties-with-qatar/838490|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}||24 May 1993||See [[Eritrea–Russia relations]]
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Following a referendum on May 24, 1993, Eritrea was officially proclaimed to be an independent state, and on the same day the Russian Federation and the State of Eritrea established diplomatic relations |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/1265015178602700808 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=MFA Russia}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sudan}}||24 May 1993,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Eritrea Update, July 1993 |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada |pages=Page 3}}</ref> diplomatic relations were broken from 5 December 1994 to 2 May 1999||
Eritrea broke diplomatic relations with the [[Sudan]] in December 1994. This action was taken after a long period of increasing tension between the two countries due to a series of cross-border incidents involving the [[Eritrean Islamic Jihad]] (EIJ). Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the [[Government of Eritrea]] (the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces), the Eritreans believe the [[National Islamic Front]] (NIF) in [[Khartoum]] supported, trained, and armed the insurgents. After many months of negotiations with the Sudanese to try to end the incursions, the Government of Eritrea concluded that the NIF did not intend to change its policy and broke relations. Subsequently, the Government of Eritrea hosted a conference of Sudanese opposition leaders in June 1995 in an effort to help the opposition unite and to provide a credible alternative to the present government in Khartoum.  Eritrea resumed diplomatic relations with Sudan on December 10, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html |access-date=2006-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116142921/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html |archive-date=2007-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since then, Sudan has accused Eritrea, along with [[Chad]], of supporting rebels.<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 Eritrea, Chad accused of aiding Sudan rebels] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629064002/http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/13898 |date=2012-06-29 }}, ''afrol News'', September 7. Retrieved 2009-03-15</ref>
The undemarcated border with Sudan previously posed a problem for Eritrean external relations.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3400575.stm
| title = Eritrea-Sudan relations plummet
| publisher = BBC
| date = 2004-01-15
| access-date = 2006-06-07
| location=London}}</ref>

After a high-level delegation to the Sudan from the Eritrean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ties are being normalized. While normalization of ties continues, Eritrea has been recognized as a broker for peace between the separate factions of the Sudanese civil war. "It is known that Eritrea played a role in bringing about the peace agreement [between the Southern Sudanese and Government],"<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=12393
 |title=Turabi terms USA "world's ignoramuses", fears Sudan's partition
 |publisher=Sudan Tribune
 |date=2005-11-04
 |access-date=2006-06-07
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718155147/http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=12393
 |archive-date=2006-07-18
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> while the Sudanese Government and Eastern Front rebels have requested Eritrea to mediate peace talks.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=15117
 |title=Sudan demands Eritrean mediation with eastern Sudan rebels
 |publisher=Sudan Tribune
 |date=2006-04-18
 |access-date=2006-06-07
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519014705/http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=15117
 |archive-date=2006-05-19
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>
The Eritrean President, Isaias Afewerki, and his Sudanese counterpart Omar Al-Bashir held talks in Asmara on a number of bilateral issues of mutual concern to the two East African countries. The talks dealt with enhancing bilateral ties and cooperation including making their shared border more open. Sudan and Eritrea agreed to abolish entry visa requirements, opening their common borders for free movement of both nationals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrean-Sudanese-leaders-hold,42703|title=Eritrean, Sudanese leaders hold talks in Asmara - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=www.sudantribune.com|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In 2011, Eritrea and Sudan cooperated in the building of the  Kassala-Al Lafa Highway linking the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudan-Eritrea road to boost ties: Emir|url=http://www.qatar-tribune.com/data/20111027/content.asp?section=first1_1|access-date=2011-10-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131235659/http://www.qatar-tribune.com/data/20111027/content.asp?section=first1_1|archive-date=2013-01-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

|{{flag|Turkey}}||19 July 1993||See also [[Eritrea–Turkey relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy |url=http://asmara.be.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/About |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Turkish Embassy in Asmara}}</ref>
* The Embassy of [[Eritrea]] in [[Doha]] is accredited to Turkey.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">{{Cite web|title=Relations between Turkey and Eritrea|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-eritrea.en.mfa}}</ref>
* Turkey has an embassy in [[Asmara]].<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
* Trade volume between the two countries was US$13.9 million in 2019.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
|- valign="top"

|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||28 June 1993<ref name=":1" />||
The [[United Arab Emirates]] are a member of the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led coalition]] against [[Houthi insurgency in Yemen|Houthi rebels in Yemen]]. Foreign Minister [[Osman Saleh Mohammed]] is quoted stating the UAE are using "logistical facilities at the port and airport" in the southern city of [[Assab]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36469286|title=Has Eritrea's migration problem been exaggerated?|work=BBC|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the UAE maintains a detention facility at the Assab base, where it may have transferred high-profile prisoners out of [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/22/yemen-uae-backs-abusive-local-forces |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Yemen: UAE Backs Abusive Local Forces |quote=Human Rights Watch was not able to verify these claims, but according to lawyers and activists, as well as relatives of men who had been disappeared, the UAE was transferring high-level detainees outside of Yemen. According to one of the activists, about 15 people accused of being members of AQAP or IS-Y had been transferred to the base the UAE has been developing in Eritrea's port city, Assab, over the past two years. A man whose relatives had been disappeared said at least five officials told him the UAE transferred the men outside of Yemen, including three who said the men were being held in Eritrea.}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||{{Date table sorting|16 November 1993}}||See [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
Eritrea established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] on 16 November 1993.
*Eritrea maintains an [[Embassy of Eritrea, London|embassy]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eritreanembassyuk.org.uk/|title=Home|website=Embassy of the State of Eritrea, United Kingdom and Ireland|access-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211091931/https://www.eritreanembassyuk.org.uk/|archive-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The United Kingdom is accredited to Eritrea through its embassy in Asmara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-asmara|title=British Embassy Asmara|website=GOV.UK|access-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115072202/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-asmara|archive-date=15 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UK administered [[History_of_Eritrea#British_Eritrea|Eritrea]] from 1941 to 1952, when Eritrea united with [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] into a [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.embassyeritrea.org/our-history/|title=Our History|website=Embassy of Eritrea, Washington D.C.|access-date=16 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222142531/https://us.embassyeritrea.org/our-history/|archive-date=22 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||11 June 1993||See [[Eritrea–United States relations]]

Diplomatic relations between the United States and the State of Eritrea were established on June 11, 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Eritrea |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/eritrea |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref>
* Eritrea has an embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* The United States has an embassy in [[Asmara]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Yemen}}||24 May 1993<ref name=":2" />||
A [[Hanish Islands conflict|dispute]] with [[Yemen]] over the [[Hanish Islands]] in 1996 resulted in a brief war. As part of an agreement to cease hostilities, the nations agreed to refer the issue to the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at [[the Hague]]. At the conclusion of the proceedings, both nations acquiesced to the 1998 decision which said sovereignty should be shared.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/192667.stm
| title = Flights back on between Yemen and Eritrea
| publisher = BBC
| date = 1998-12-13
| access-date = 2006-06-07
 | location=London}}</ref>
|}