Editing Flatfish (section)

==Distribution==
Flatfishes are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from the [[Arctic]], through the tropics, to [[Antarctica]]. Species diversity is centered in the Indo-West Pacific and declines following both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients away from the Indo-West Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Matthew A.|last2=Chanet|first2=Bruno|last3=Chen|first3=Jhen-Nien|last4=Lee|first4=Mao-Ying|last5=Chen|first5=Wei-Jen|date=2019|title=Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=48|issue=5|pages=640–656|doi=10.1111/zsc.12372|s2cid=202856805|issn=1463-6409|url=https://hal.science/hal-03971070/file/Campbell%20et%20al%202019%20Zool%20Scripta.pdf }}</ref> Most species are found in depths between 0 and {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but a few have been recorded from depths in excess of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. None have been confirmed from the [[abyssal]] or [[hadal zone]]s. An observation of a flatfish from the [[Bathyscaphe Trieste]] at the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]] at a depth of almost {{convert|11|km|ft|abbr=on}} has been questioned by fish experts, and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.<ref>Jamieson, A.J., and Yancey, P. H. (2012). ''[http://www.biolbull.org/content/222/3/171.full On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth.]'' [[The Biological Bulletin]] 222(3): 171-175</ref> Among the deepwater species, ''[[Symphurus thermophilus]]'' lives congregating around "ponds" of [[sulphur]] at [[hydrothermal vent]]s on the seafloor. No other flatfish is known from hydrothermal vents.<ref>Munroe, T.A.; and Hashimoto, J. (2008). ''A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents.'' Zootaxa 1839: 43–59.</ref> Many species will enter [[brackish]] or fresh water, and a smaller number of soles (families [[Achiridae]] and [[Soleidae]]) and tonguefish ([[Cynoglossidae]]) are entirely restricted to fresh water.<ref>Duplain, R.R.; Chapleau, F; and Munroe, T.A. (2012). ''A New Species of Trinectes (Pleuronectiformes: Achiridae) from the Upper Río San Juan and Río Condoto, Colombia.'' Copeia 2012 (3): 541-546.</ref><ref>Kottelat, M. (1998). ''Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae).'' Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 9(1):1-128.</ref><ref>Monks, N. (2007). ''[http://brackishfaq.webspace.virginmedia.com/Projects/FAQ/4h.html Freshwater flatfish, order Pleuronectiformes.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815222521/http://brackishfaq.webspace.virginmedia.com/Projects/FAQ/4h.html |date=2014-08-15 }}'' Retrieved 18 May 2014</ref>