Editing Flagstaff, Arizona (section)

===Early history===
The [[Sinagua]] people were a [[pre-Columbian]] culture that occupied a large area in Arizona<ref name=logan>{{cite web|title=Sinagua|url=https://www.beloit.edu/logan_online/exhibitions/virtual_exhibitions/north_america/southwest/sinagua/sinagua.php|website=Logan Museum of Anthropology|publisher=Beloit College|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062048/https://www.beloit.edu/logan_online/exhibitions/virtual_exhibitions/north_america/southwest/sinagua/sinagua.php|url-status=live}}</ref> between ''circa'' 500 and 1425  [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="gibbon2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/770|title=Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia|date=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0815307259|editor1-last=Gibbon|editor1-first=Guy|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/770 770]}}</ref> The Northern Sinagua were living in the pine forests of northern Arizona before moving into the area that is now Flagstaff about 700 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Indian places: a historical guidebook|date=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=978-0547523675|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first=Frances H.|location=Boston|oclc=759581887}}</ref> The 1064 and 1066 eruptions of [[Sunset Crater]] covered the area in ash, which greatly enriched the soil for farming;<ref name="logan" /><ref name="gibbon2" /> this also caused a population growth in the area, with [[Ancestral Puebloans]] and [[Cohonina]] people also moving to the [[Wupatki National Monument|Wupatki site]] near the city.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snow|first=Dean R.|title=Archaeology of Native North America|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2010|isbn=978-0136156864|location=Boston|oclc=223933566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/things-to-do/arts-culture/culture-heritage/|title=Flagstaff, Arizona Culture & Heritage|website=Discover Flagstaff|language=en-US|access-date=April 10, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234029/https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/things-to-do/arts-culture/culture-heritage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Northern Sinagua had various cultural phases, including Sunset Crater, the [[Rio de Flag]] (leaving the [[Picture Canyon Natural and Cultural Preserve|Picture Canyon]] site), Angell and [[Winona, Arizona|Winona]], [[Leupp, Arizona|Padre Canyon]], [[Elden Pueblo]], Turkey Hill Pueblo, [[Clear Creek (Little Colorado River tributary)|Clear Creek]],<ref name="gibbon2" /> and [[Walnut Canyon National Monument|Walnut Canyon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/waca/learn/historyculture/people.htm|title=People – Walnut Canyon National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)|website=US National Park Service|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407022526/https://www.nps.gov/waca/learn/historyculture/people.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sinagua peoples left the area by the early 15th century,<ref name=linoff>{{cite web|last1=Linoff|first1=Lindsay|title=The Sinagua People of Montezuma Castle|url=http://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/StudentPapers/sinagua.html|publisher=Mesa Community College|access-date=November 17, 2015|date=1998|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922111027/http://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/StudentPapers/sinagua.html|url-status=live}}</ref> likely moving north and later becoming the [[Hopi]]. The [[San Francisco Peaks]], which overlook Flagstaff, are a sacred site in Hopi culture.<ref name=Riodeflag>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTM0AQAAMAAJ|title=Rio de Flag, Flood Control Study: Environmental Impact Statement|date=2000|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014649/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTM0AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until [[Territorial evolution of the United States#1845–1860 (Southwest expansion)|western expansion in the 1860s]], the [[Yavapai]], specifically the {{Proper name|Wi:pukba}} (Northeastern Yavapai), occupied the land up to the San Francisco Peaks.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salzmann|first1=Zdeněk|title=Native Americans of the Southwest: the serious traveler's introduction to people and places|last2=Salzmann|first2=Joy M.|date=1997|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0813322790|location=Boulder, CO|page=58|oclc=36241644}}</ref> The Yavapai land in the area saw overlap with the land of the Northern [[Tonto Apache]] that stretched across the San Francisco Peaks to the [[Little Colorado River]].<ref name=Braatz>{{Cite book|last=Braatz|first=Timothy|title=Surviving conquest: a history of the Yavapai peoples|date=2003|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803213319|location=Lincoln|oclc=50235078|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earthodysseyonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:the-verde-river-jewel-of-the-southwest&catid=48:nature-a-environment&Itemid=78|title=The Verde River: Jewel of the Southwest|website=Earth Odyssey Magazine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120125755/http://www.earthodysseyonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:the-verde-river-jewel-of-the-southwest&catid=48:nature-a-environment&Itemid=78|archive-date=January 20, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_campverd.html|title=ITCA: Yavapai-Apache Nation|website=ITCA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171818/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_campverd.html|archive-date=July 9, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref> Of the Northern Tonto Apache, two tribes lived within the area of present-day Flagstaff: the [[Oak Creek Canyon|Oak Creek]] band and the [[Mormon Lake]] band.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Record|first=Ian W.|title=Big Sycamore stands alone: the Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the struggle for place|date=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0806186252|location=Norman|pages=44–45|oclc=680632068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Charles|title=An Apache nightmare: the battle at Cibecue Creek|url=https://archive.org/details/apachenightmareb0000coll|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0585124787|location=Norman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apachenightmareb0000coll/page/n21 2]–3|oclc=44961022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hook|first1=Jason|title=To live and die in the West: the American Indian Wars, 1860–90|last2=Pegler|first2=Martin|year= 2014|isbn=978-1135977979|location=London|page=118|oclc=869735921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lahti|first=Janne|title=Wars for empire: Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest borderlands|year=2017|isbn=978-0806159348|location=Norman|page=28|oclc=1004564512}}</ref> The Mormon Lake band were centered around Flagstaff and were exclusively hunter-gatherers, traveling around places like the foot of the San Francisco Peaks, at [[Mount Elden]], [[Lake Mary (Arizona)|Lake Mary]], [[Stoneman Lake, Arizona|Stoneman Lake]], and Padre Canyon.<ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Indian Claims Commission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2tAAAAAIAAJ|title=Indian Claims Commission Decisions|date=1978|publisher=Native American Rights Fund|pages=241–243|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014423/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2tAAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>