Editing Flagellate (section)

==Flagellates as organisms: the Flagellata==
In older classifications, flagellated [[protozoa]] were grouped in '''Flagellata''' (= '''Mastigophora'''), sometimes divided into Phytoflagellata (= Phytomastigina, mostly autotrophic) and Zooflagellata (= Zoomastigina, heterotrophic). They were sometimes grouped with [[Sarcodina]] (ameboids) in the group [[Sarcomastigophora]].

The autotrophic flagellates were grouped similarly to the botanical schemes used for the corresponding algae groups. The [[Biological pigment|colourless]] flagellates were customarily grouped in three groups, highly artificial:<ref>Fritsch, F.E. ''The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae''. Vol. I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. 1935. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615132446/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2023644/1/BPT12884.pdf].</ref>
* Protomastigineae, in which absorption of food-particles in holozoic nutrition occurs at a localised point of the cell surface, often at a cytostome, although many groups were merely saprophytes; it included the majority of colourless flagellates, and even many "apochlorotic" algae;
* Pantostomatineae (or Rhizomastigineae), in which the absorption takes place at any point on the cell surface; roughly corresponds to "amoeboflagellates";
* Distomatineae, a group of binucleate "double individuals" with symmetrically distributed flagella and, in many species, two symmetrical mouths; roughly corresponds to current [[Diplomonadida]].

Presently, these groups are known to be highly [[polyphyletic]]. In modern classifications of the protists, the principal flagellated taxa are placed in the following eukaryote groups, which include also non-flagellated forms (where "A", "F", "P" and "S" stands for autotrophic, free-living heterotrophic, parasitic and symbiotic, respectively):<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2013.08.003|pmid=24239731|title=A Short Guide to Common Heterotrophic Flagellates of Freshwater Habitats Based on the Morphology of Living Organisms|journal=Protist|volume=164|issue=6|pages=842–860|year=2013|last1=Jeuck|first1=Alexandra|last2=Arndt|first2=Hartmut|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Patterson, D.J. (2000). Flagellates: Heterotrophic Protists With Flagella. ''Tree of Life'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081210/http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=50].</ref>
* [[Archaeplastida]]: [[Volvocales|volvocids]] (A/F), [[prasinophyte]]s (A), [[Glaucophyta|glaucophytes]] (A)
* [[Stramenopiles]]: [[Bicosoecida|bicosoecids]] (F), [[Proteromonadidae|proteromonads]] (F), [[Opalinidae|opalines]] (F), most [[Chrysophyceae|chrysophyte]]s (A/F), part of [[xanthophyte]]s (A), [[Raphidophyte|raphidophytes/chloromonads]] (A), [[silicoflagellate]]s (A), [[Ciliophryida|ciliophryids]] (F), [[pedinellid]]s (A/F)
* [[Alveolata]]: [[Dinoflagellata|dinoflagellates]] (A/F), ''[[Colpodella]]'' (F)
* [[Rhizaria]]
** [[Cercozoa]]: [[Cercomonadida|cercomonads]] (F), [[Spongomonadea|spongomonads]] (F), [[Thaumatomonadida|thaumatomonads]] (F), [[Glissomonadida|glissomonads]] (F), [[Cryomonadida|cryomonads]] (F), [[Heliomonadida|heliomonads/dimorphids]] (F), [[ebriid]]s (F)
* [[Amoebozoa]]: ''[[Multicilia]]'' (F), [[Phalansterium|phalansteriids]] (F), some [[archamoebae]] (F/S)
* [[Opisthokonta]]: [[choanoflagellates]] (F)
* [[Excavata]]
** [[Discoba]]: [[Jakobida|jakobids]] (F), [[Kinetoplastea|kinetoplastids]] ([[Bodonida|bodonid]]s, F/P, [[trypanosomatid]]s, P), [[Euglenida|euglenids]] (F/A), some [[heterolobosea]]ns (P/F/S)
** [[Metamonada]]: [[Diplomonadida|diplomonads]] (P/F), [[retortamonad]]s (S), [[Preaxostyla|Preaxostyla/anaeromonads]]  ([[oxymonad]]s, S, ''[[Trimastix]]'', F, ''[[Paratrimastix]]'', F),  [[parabasalid]]s ([[trichomonad]]s, P/S, [[hypermastigid]]s, S)
* [[Eukaryota]] incertae sedis : [[haptophyte]]s (F/A), [[Cryptophyceae|cryptophyte]]s (F/A), [[Katablepharid|kathablepharids]] (F), [[Apusozoa]] ([[Apusomonadida|apusomondas]], F, [[Ancyromonadida|ancyromonads]], F, [[Spironemidae|spironemids/hemimastigids]], F), [[Collodictyonidae|collodictyonids/diphylleids]] (F), ''[[Phyllomonas]]'' (F), and about a hundred genera<ref>Patterson, D.J., Vørs, N., Simpson, A.G.B. & O'Kelly, C., 2000. Residual Free-living and Predatory Heterotrophic Flagellates. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. ''An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa''. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1302-1328, [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis_Eukaryota#Patterson.2C_V.C3.B8rs.2C_Simpson.2C_.26_O.27Kelly.2C_in_Lee_et_al._.282000.29].</ref>

Although the taxonomic group Flagellata was abandoned, the term "flagellate" is still used as the description of a [[:de:Organisationsstufe|level of organization]] and also as an [[functional group (ecology)|ecological functional group]]. Another term used is "monadoid", from [[unicellular organism|monad]].<ref>Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC Algae An Introduction to Phycology]''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-30419-9}}.
</ref> as in ''[[Monas (genus)|Monas]]'', and ''[[Cryptomonas]]'' and in the groups as listed above.

The amoeboflagellates (e.g., the rhizarian genus ''[[Cercomonas]]'', some amoebozoan [[Archamoebae]], some excavate [[Heterolobosea]]) have a peculiar type of flagellate/[[amoeboid]] organization, in which cells may present flagella and [[pseudopod]]s, simultaneously or sequentially, while the helioflagellates (e.g., the cercozoan [[Heliomonadida|heliomonads/dimorphids]], the stramenopile [[pedinellid]]s and [[ciliophryid]]s) have a flagellate/[[heliozoa]]n organization.<ref>Mikryukov, K.A. (2001). Heliozoa as a component of marine microbenthos: a study of Heliozoa of the White Sea. ''Ophelia'' 54: 51–73.</ref>