Editing Ferdinand Christian Baur (section)

==Simon Magus and Paul==
[[File:FerdinandChristianBaur.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Christian Baur]]
Baur rested his ideas about the New Testament on the [[Clementine literature|Clementines]], and his ideas about the Clementines on St. Epiphanius, who found the writings used by an [[Ebionite]] sect in the 4th century. This Judeo-Christian sect at that date rejected St. Paul as an apostate. It was assumed that this 4th century opinion represented the Christianity of the Twelve Apostles; Paulinism was originally a heresy, and a schism from the Jewish Christianity of James and Peter and the rest; [[Marcion]] was a leader of the Pauline sect in its survival in the 2nd century, using only the Pauline Gospel, St. Luke (in its original form), and the Epistles of St. Paul (without the Pastoral Epistles). The Clementine literature had its first origin in the Apostolic Age, and belonged to the original Jewish, Petrine, legal Church. It is directed wholly against St. Paul and his sect. [[Simon Magus]] never existed; it is a nickname for St. Paul. The Acts of the Apostles, compiled in the 2nd century, have borrowed their mention of Simon from the earliest form of the Clementines. Catholicism under the presidency of Rome was the result of the adjustment between the Petrine and Pauline sections of the Church in the second half of the 2nd century. The Fourth Gospel is a monument of this reconciliation, in which Rome took a leading part, having invented the fiction that both Peter and Paul were the founders of her Church, both having been martyred at Rome, and on the same day, in perfect union.

Throughout the middle of the 19th century this theory, in many forms, was dominant in Germany. The demonstration, mainly by English scholars, of the impossibility of the late dates ascribed to the New Testament documents (four Epistles of St. Paul and the Apocalypse were the only documents generally admitted as being of early date), and the proofs of the authenticity of the Apostolic Fathers and of the use of St. John's Gospel by Justin, Papias, and Ignatius, gradually brought Baur's theories into discredit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} Of the original school, [[Adolf Hilgenfeld]] may be considered the last survivor (died 1907). He was induced to admit that Simon Magus was a real personage, though he persisted that in the Clementines he is meant for St. Paul. In 1847 Hilgenfeld dated the original nucleus of the [[Clementine literature]] (Kerygmata Petrou) soon after the Jewish war of 70; successive revisions of it were anti-Basilidian, anti-Valentinian, and anti-Marcionite respectively. Baur placed the completed form, ‘‘H’’, soon after the middle of the 2nd century, and Schliemann (1844) agreed, placing ‘‘R’’, as a revision, between 211 and 230. Other writers dated both ‘‘H’’ and ‘‘R’’ to between the 2nd and 4th centuries:

* R. 2nd century: [[Sixtus Senensis]] (Sixtus of Siena) (1520-1569), David Blondel (David Blondellus Catalaunensis) (1590-1655), [[Jean-Baptiste Cotelier]] (1629-1686), [[William Cave]] (1637-1713), Casimir Oudin (1638-1717), [[Noël Alexandre]] (Natalis Alexander) (1639-1724), [[Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry]] (Nourri) (1647-1724), Johann Georg Heinsius (d. 1733), [[Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller]] (1768-1835), Christian Wilhelm Flügge (1773-1828), [[Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider]] (1776-1848), [[Johann Georg Veit Engelhardt]] (1791-1855), [[Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler]] (1792-1854), [[Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck]] (1799-1877), and [[August Friedrich Gfrörer]] (1803-1861).
* R. 2nd or 3rd century: Schröck, Stark, Lumper, Krabbe, Locherer, Gersdorf.
* R. 3rd century: Strunzius (on Bardesanes, 1710), Weismann (17l8), Mosheim, Kleuker, Schmidt (Kirchengesch.)
* R. 4th century: Corrodi, Lentz (Dogmengesch.).
* H. 2nd century (beginning): Credner, Bretschneider, Kern, Rothe.
* H. 2nd century: Clericus, Beausobre, Flügge, Münscher, Hoffmann, Döllinger, Hilgers; (middle of 2nd) Hase.
* H. end of 2nd century: Schröck, Cölln, Gieseler (3rd ed.), Schenkel, Gfrörer, Lücke.
* H. 3rd century: Mill, Mosheim, [[Gallandi]], Gieseler (2nd ed.).
* H. 2nd or 3rd century: Neander, Krabbe, Baur, Ritter, Paniel, Dähne.
* H. 4th century: Lentz.