Editing Fallout shelter (section)

=== North America ===
[[File:Fallout shelter water storage can.jpg|thumb|Fallout shelter water storage can: a {{convert|17+1/2|usgal|L|order=flip|sp=us}} barrel issued by the  U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense. 1963]] During the [[Cold War]], many countries built fallout shelters for high-ranking government officials and crucial military facilities, such as [[Project Greek Island]] and the [[Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker]] in the United States and Canada's [[Emergency Government Headquarters]]. Plans were made, however, to use existing buildings with sturdy below-ground-level basements as makeshift fallout shelters. These buildings were [[placard]]ed with the orange-yellow and black [[trefoil]] sign designed by [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] director of administrative logistics support function [[Robert Blakeley|Robert W. Blakeley]] in 1961.<ref name="rdmcfddnnyt">{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert |title=Robert Blakeley, Who Created a Sign of the Cold War, Dies at 95 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/obituaries/robert-blakeley-whose-fallout-shelter-sign-symbolized-the-cold-war-dies-at-95.html?_r=0 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805160704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/obituaries/robert-blakeley-whose-fallout-shelter-sign-symbolized-the-cold-war-dies-at-95.html?_r=0 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |language=en |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[National Emergency Alarm Repeater]] (NEAR) program was developed in the United States in 1956 during the Cold War to supplement the existing siren [[warning systems]] and radio broadcasts in the event of a [[nuclear attack]]. The NEAR civilian alarm device was engineered and tested but the program was not viable and was terminated in 1967.<ref name=nearProgram>{{cite web|title=Episode 709, Story 3: N.E.A.R Device|url=http://www-tc.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/static/media/transcripts/2011-05-22/709_near.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060606/http://www-tc.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/static/media/transcripts/2011-05-22/709_near.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=live|website=pbs.com|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|access-date=October 9, 2014|page=11|format=transcript|year=2009}}</ref>

In the U.S. in September 1961, under the direction of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security Affairs#Precedent|Steuart L. Pittman]], the federal government started the Community Fallout Shelter Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/cdmuseum2/commun.html|title=Civil Defense Museum-Community Shelter Tours Main Page|publisher=civildefensemuseum.com|access-date=September 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mywebtimes.com/archives/ottawa/display.php?id=366305|title=FALLOUT FEVER: Civil Defense shelters dotted area cities during the Cold War&nbsp;– My Web Times|publisher=mywebtimes.com|access-date=September 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305044705/http://mywebtimes.com/archives/ottawa/display.php?id=366305|archive-date=March 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A letter from [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] advising the use of fallout shelters appeared in the September 1961 issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/timeline_sep1961.aspx |title=DOE.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107064343/http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/timeline_sep1961.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1961 to 1963, home fallout shelter sales grew, but eventually{{when|date=March 2023}} there was a public backlash against the fallout shelter as a consumer product.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bishop|first=Thomas|date=2019|title="The Struggle to Sell Survival": Family Fallout Shelters and the Limits of Consumer Citizenship|journal=Modern American History|language=en|volume=2|issue=02|pages=117–138|doi=10.1017/mah.2019.8|issn=2515-0456|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In November 1961, in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine, an article by Gilbert Burck appeared that outlined the plans of [[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Herman Kahn]], and [[Chet Holifield]] for an enormous network of concrete-lined underground fallout shelters throughout the United States sufficient to shelter millions of people to serve as a refuge in case of [[nuclear war]].<ref>[[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] magazine November 1961 Pages 112–115 et al</ref>

The United States ended federal funding for the shelters in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearman|first1=Sophie|title=Thinking the unthinkable: Don't rely on these historic fallout shelters in case of a nuclear attack|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/06/thinking-the-unthinkable-dont-rely-on-these-historic-fallout-shelters-in-case-of-a-nuclear-attack.html|access-date=27 December 2017|publisher=CNBC|date=6 Oct 2017}}</ref> In 2017, New York City began removing the yellow signs since members of the public are unlikely to find edible food and usable medicine inside those rooms.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=Jonathan|title=New York City To Remove Misleading Nuclear Fallout Shelter Signs|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-city-nuclear-fallout-shleter-signs_us_5a43816ce4b025f99e18e04d?ncid=inblnkushpmg00000009|access-date=27 December 2017|agency=Reuters|work=Huffington Post|date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

====Atomitat====
The [[Atomitat]] was an underground house in [[Plainview, Texas]]: it was designed by [[Jay Swayze]] and completed in 1962. The house was designed in response to the fear of nuclear war during the Cold War. The house was designed to be an "atomic-habitat" which met the [[United States Civil Defense]] specifications.<ref name="KCBD">{{cite news |title=Whatever Happened to the Atomitat? |url=https://www.kcbd.com/story/884442/whatever-happened-to-the-atomitat/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |agency=KCBD |publisher=A Gray Media Group, Inc |date=6 August 2002}}</ref> It was the first bunker-house to meet their specifications as a nuclear shelter.<ref name="McDonough">{{cite news |last1=McDonough |first1=Doug |title=Atomitat House used in 1966 propaganda film |url=https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Atomitat-House-used-in-1966-propaganda-film-8414795.php#photo-10645855 |access-date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Plainview Herald |date=27 April 2012 |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310202028/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Atomitat-House-used-in-1966-propaganda-film-8414795.php#photo-10645855 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Swayze also built an underground house for the [[1964 New York World's Fair]]: it was called the [[Underground World Home]].<ref name="Bounds">{{cite book |last1=Bounds |first1=Anna Maria |title=Bracing for the apocalypse : an ethnographic study of New York's 'prepper' subculture |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0415788489 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PT52 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>