Editing Eyes Wide Shut (section)

==Production==
===Development===
''Eyes Wide Shut'' was developed after Stanley Kubrick read Arthur Schnitzler's ''Dream Story'' in 1968, when Kubrick was looking for a project to follow ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hobbs |first=Thomas |date=17 July 2024 |title=Eyes Wide Shut: The remarkable afterlife of a notorious 1990s misfire |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240716-eyes-wide-shut-the-remarkable-afterlife-of-a-notorious-1990s-flop |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref> Kubrick was interested in adapting the story, and with the help of journalist [[Jay Cocks]], bought the filming rights to the novel.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/archive/6735812/cinema-all-eyes-on-them/|title=Cinema: All Eyes On Them|author-link=Richard Schickel |last=Schickel |first=Richard |date=July 5, 1999|magazine=Time|access-date=February 18, 2018|archive-date=November 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107014246/https://time.com/archive/6735812/cinema-all-eyes-on-them/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the following decade, Kubrick considered making the ''Dream Story'' adaptation a sex comedy "with a wild and somber streak running through it", starring [[Steve Martin]] or [[Woody Allen]] in the main role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/eyes-wide-shut-woody-allen-bill-murray-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-dream-story-a9664411.html |title=Stanley Kubrick wanted Woody Allen or Bill Murray for Eyes Wide Shut role instead of Tom Cruise, new book reveals |last=White |first=Adam |work=[[The Independent]] |date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132320/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/eyes-wide-shut-woody-allen-bill-murray-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-dream-story-a9664411.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vf">{{cite magazine|first=Michael |last=Herr |author-link=Michael Herr |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/kubrick-199908 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=August 1999 |title=Kubrick |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629212013/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/kubrick-199908.print |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kubrick also considered [[Tom Hanks]], [[Bill Murray]], [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Warren Beatty]], [[Albert Brooks]], [[Alan Alda]] and [[Sam Shepard]] for the lead in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/eyes-wide-shut-woody-allen-bill-murray-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-dream-story-a9664411.html | title=Woody Allen nearly starred in Eyes Wide Shut instead of Tom Cruise, new book reveals | work=The Independent | date=August 11, 2020}}</ref> The project was revived in 1994 when Kubrick hired Frederic Raphael to work on the script, updating the setting from early 20th-century Vienna to late 20th-century New York City.<ref name="S&S">{{cite magazine|last=Raphael |first=Frederic |author-link=Frederic Raphael |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/frederic-raphael-reflects-writing-eyes-wide-shut-with-stanley-kubrick |title="This is confidential material. Where did you get it?" Frederic Raphael looks back at ''Eyes Wide Shut'' |date=November 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114205728/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/frederic-raphael-reflects-writing-eyes-wide-shut-with-stanley-kubrick |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |magazine=[[Sight & Sound]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Kubrick invited his friend [[Michael Herr]], who helped write ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'', to make revisions, but Herr declined for fear he would be underpaid and have to commit to a long production.<ref name="vf" />

===Adaptation===
Arthur Schnitzler's 1926 novella ''Dream Story'' is set around Vienna after the turn of the century. The main characters are a couple named Fridolin and Albertina. The couple's home is a typical suburban middle-class home. Like the protagonist of the novel, Schnitzler was Jewish, lived in Vienna, and was a doctor, although he left medicine to write.

Kubrick frequently removed references to the Jewishness of characters in the novels he adapted.<ref name="cocks29">{{harvnb|Cocks|2004|p=29}}</ref> In ''Eyes Wide Shut'', Frederic Raphael, who is Jewish, wanted to keep the Jewish background of the protagonists, but Kubrick disagreed and removed details that would identify characters as Jewish. Kubrick determined Bill should be a "[[Harrison Ford]]-ish [[goy]]" and created the surname of Harford as an allusion to the actor.{{sfn|Raphael|2000|p=59}} In the film, Bill is taunted with homophobic slurs. In the novella, the taunters are members of an [[anti-Semitic]] college fraternity.<ref name="cocks29" /><ref>{{harvtxt|Loewenberg|2006|pp=255–279}}</ref> In an introduction to a [[Penguin Classics]] edition of ''Dream Story'', Raphael wrote that "Fridolin is not declared to be a Jew, but his feelings of cowardice, for failing to challenge his aggressor, echo the uneasiness of Austrian Jews in the face of Gentile provocation."<ref>{{cite book |title=Dream Story |last1=Schnitzler |first1=Arthur |last2=Fredric |first2=Raphael |year=1999 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-118224-7 |page=xiii}}</ref>

The novella is set during the [[Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria|Carnival]], when people often wear masks to parties. The party that both husband and wife attend at the opening of the story is a Carnival [[Masquerade ball]], whereas the film's story begins at Christmas time.<ref name=rs/>

In the novella, the party (which is sparsely attended) uses "Denmark" as the password for entrance; that is significant in that Albertina had her infatuation with her soldier in Denmark; the film's password is "Fidelio". In early drafts of the screenplay, the password was "Fidelio Rainbow". [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] noted that both passwords echo elements of one member of the couple's behavior, though in opposite ways.<ref>{{harvtxt|Rosenbaum|2006|pp=245–254}}</ref> The party in the novella consists mostly of nude ballroom dancing.

In the novella, the woman who "redeems" Fridolin at the party, saving him from punishment, is costumed as a nun, and most of the characters at the party are dressed as nuns or monks; Fridolin himself used a monk costume. This aspect was retained in the film's original screenplay,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.godamongdirectors.com/scripts/eyeswshu.htm |title=Eyes Wide Shut original screenplay |first1=Stanley |last1=Kubrick |first2=Frederic |last2=Raphael |via=Godamongdirectors.com |access-date=August 22, 2014 |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107074154/http://www.godamongdirectors.com/scripts/eyeswshu.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> but was deleted in the filmed version.

The novella makes it clear that Fridolin at this point hates Albertina more than ever, thinking they are now lying together "like mortal enemies". It has been argued{{By whom|date=March 2023}} that the dramatic climax of the novella is actually Albertina's dream, and the film has shifted the focus to Bill's visit to the secret society's orgy, whose content is more shocking in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/2003/Greenwich%20conference.html |first=Rainer J. |last=Kaus |title=Notes on Arthur Schnitzler's ''Dream Novella'' and Stanley Kubrick's film ''Eyes Wide Shut'' |via=Clas.ufl.edu |access-date=August 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902030345/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/2003/Greenwich%20conference.html |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The adaptation created a character with no counterpart in the novella: Ziegler, who represents both the elevated wealth and prestige to which Bill Harford aspires, and a connection between Bill's two worlds (his regular life, and the secret society organizing the ball).{{sfn|Chion|2002|p=21}} Critic Randy Rasmussen interprets Ziegler as representing Bill's worst self, much as in other Kubrick films; the title character in ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' represents the worst of the American national security establishment, Charles Grady represents the worst of [[Jack Torrance]] in ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'', and Clare Quilty represents the worst of Humbert Humbert in ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rasmussen|2005 |p= 332}}</ref>

More significantly, in the film, Ziegler gives a commentary on the whole story to Bill, including an explanation that the party incident, where Bill is apprehended, threatened, and ultimately redeemed by the woman's sacrifice, was staged. Whether this is to be believed or not, it is an exposition of Ziegler's view of the ways of the world as a member of the power elite.{{sfn|Cocks|2004|p=146}}

===Casting===
When Warner Bros. president [[Terry Semel]] approved production in 1995, he asked Kubrick to cast a movie star as "you haven't done that since [[Jack Nicholson]] [in ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'']".<ref name="time" /> Kubrick considered casting [[Alec Baldwin]] and [[Kim Basinger]] as Bill and Alice Harford.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1SqXAAAAQBAJ&q=%22EYES+WIDE+SHUT%22+and+%22alec+baldwin%22&pg=PA82|title = Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others|isbn = 9781476609768|last1 = Mell|first1 = Eila|date = 24 January 2015| publisher=McFarland |access-date = June 25, 2021|archive-date = June 25, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625045908/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SqXAAAAQBAJ&q=%22EYES+WIDE+SHUT%22+and+%22alec+baldwin%22&pg=PA82|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/60365/20-eye-opening-facts-about-eyes-wide-shut|title = 20 Eye-Opening Facts About Eyes Wide Shut|date = 16 July 2019|website=Mental Floss|access-date = June 23, 2021|archive-date = June 24, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210903/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/60365/20-eye-opening-facts-about-eyes-wide-shut|url-status = live}}</ref> Cruise was in England because his wife [[Nicole Kidman]] was there filming ''[[The Portrait of a Lady (film)|The Portrait of a Lady]]'' (1996), and the pair eventually decided to visit Kubrick's estate.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=September 3, 2019|title=Eyes Wide Shut: 20 years on, Stanley Kubrick's most notorious film is still shrouded in mystery|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/eyes-wide-shut-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman-marriage-film-plot-a9083926.html|date=September 1, 2019|work=The Independent|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304035044/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/eyes-wide-shut-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman-marriage-film-plot-a9083926.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After that meeting, the director awarded them the roles.<ref>{{cite video|title=Interview: Tom Cruise on Stanley Kubrick|work=Eyes Wide Shut Blu-Ray (2007)|date=1999|publisher=Warner Bros Home Entertainment}}</ref> Kubrick also managed to make both not commit to other projects until ''Eyes Wide Shut'' was completed.<ref name=closing/> Kubrick offered [[Eva Herzigová]] a role in the film, but she declined.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1999-03-14 |title=Can a Star of Walk Be a Star Who Talks? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/style/can-a-star-of-walk-be-a-star-who-talks.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] and [[Harvey Keitel]] each were cast in supporting roles and filmed by Kubrick. Reportedly due to scheduling conflicts, both had to drop out.<ref name="ew">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1999/07/23/behind-scenes-eyes-wide-shut|title=Behind the scenes of ''Eyes Wide Shut''|last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|date=July 23, 1999|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=October 24, 2012|archive-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606171235/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20471622_272431,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Keitel was first with ''[[Finding Graceland]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11|title=Keitel's Heartbreak Hotel|date=April 21, 1997|access-date=August 22, 2014|magazine=New York Magazine|last1=Landman Keil|first1=Beth|last2=Mitchell|first2=Deborah|archive-date=June 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627194243/http://books.google.com/books?id=M-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> then Leigh with ''[[eXistenZ]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/04/27/hyper-existenz/|title=Hyper 'Existenz'|date=April 27, 1999|first=Gary|last=Dretzka|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=October 25, 2012|archive-date=June 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602084308/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-04-27/features/9904270063_1_existenz-allegra-geller-virtual-reality|url-status=live}}</ref> They were replaced by Sydney Pollack and Marie Richardson, respectively, in the final cut.<ref name="time" /> Decades later, Keitel said that he had quit after feeling like Kubrick had "disrespected" him; [[Gary Oldman]] added that the breaking point was after Kubrick asked Keitel to do dozens of takes for a scene of his character walking through the door.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Alexander |first=Katherine Jane |date=2019-07-30 |title=Debunking the Myths Around Eyes Wide Shut, Stanley Kubrick's Final Film |url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/11844/debunking-the-myths-of-eyes-wide-shut-stanley-kubricks-final-film |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=AnOther Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Swapnil Dhruv |last=Bose | url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/gary-oldman-stanley-kubrick-difficult-director-harvey-keitel/ | title=Gary Oldman explaining why Stanley Kubrick was a difficult director to work for |magazine=Far Out Magazine | date=June 2021}}</ref> Among the other supporting cast, [[Alan Cumming]] later said that he auditioned six times for his small role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMdVy-nF6cs|title=Alan Cumming on "Standing Up" to Stanley Kubrick|date=April 16, 2009|website=Hudson Union Society |via=YouTube|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817055702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMdVy-nF6cs|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, it was revealed that [[Cate Blanchett]] had provided the voice of the mysterious masked woman at the orgy party. Actress [[Abigail Good]] could not do a convincing American accent, and Cruise and Kidman ended up suggesting Blanchett for the [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]], which occurred after Kubrick's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cate Blanchett Lent Her 'Warm and Sensual Voice' to Eyes Wide Shut |date=27 June 2019 |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/06/cate-blanchett-eyes-wide-shut-cameo.html |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |access-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627171343/https://www.vulture.com/2019/06/cate-blanchett-eyes-wide-shut-cameo.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Mentmore Towers from angle.jpg|thumb|[[Mentmore Towers]], one of the settings used by the film|alt=A mansion with four towers.]]
Principal photography began in November 1996. Kubrick's perfectionism led to script pages being rewritten on the set, and he intentionally filmed many scenes multiple times to try to break down the actors involved and have them give a more authentic performance. One scene of Cruise walking through a door was filmed 95 times. As a result, the shoot went on for much longer than expected. The actress [[Vinessa Shaw]] was initially contracted for two weeks and one scene but ended up working for two months.<ref name=vf15>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/07/eyes-wide-shut-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman|title=''Eyes Wide Shut'' at 15: Inside the Epic, Secretive Film Shoot that Pushed Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman to Their Limits|last=Nicholson|first=Amy|date=July 17, 2014|magazine=Vanity Fair|access-date=February 18, 2018|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124185109/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/07/eyes-wide-shut-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the relentless nature of the production, the crew became exhausted and were reported to have been impacted by low morale.<ref name=closing>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1997/10/17/closing-their-eyes-wide-shut|title=Closing Their 'Eyes Wide Shut'|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|first=Dave|last=Karger|date=Oct 17, 1997|access-date=October 27, 2012|archive-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606183445/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20471622_289898,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise developed an [[ulcer]] but did not tell Kubrick.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Amy |date=2024-08-27 |title=The Year Tom Cruise Gave Not One but Two Dangerously Vulnerable Performances |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/27/movies/tom-cruise-eyes-wide-shut-magnolia.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The New York Times |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Filming finally wrapped in June 1998.<ref name="ew" /> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized ''Eyes Wide Shut'' as the longest constant movie shoot that ran "...for over 15 months, a period that included an unbroken shoot of 46 weeks".<ref>{{cite book|title=''Guinness World Records 2001''|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00enfi/page/93 93]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85112-102-4|title-link=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

Given Kubrick's fear of flying, the entire film was shot in England.{{Sfn|Ronson|2013|p=170, 174}} Sound-stage works were completed at London's [[Pinewood Studios]] which included a detailed recreation of Greenwich Village. Kubrick's perfectionism went as far as sending workmen to Manhattan to measure street widths and note newspaper vending machine locations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jacobs|first1=Matthew|title=13 Facts You May Not Know about Stanley Kubrick's 'Eyes Wide Shut'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/facts-about-eyes-wide-shut_n_5598973|work=Huffington Post|access-date=August 18, 2014|date=July 18, 2014|archive-date=February 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090132/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/facts-about-eyes-wide-shut_n_5598973|url-status=live}}</ref> Real New York footage was also shot to be [[rear projection effect|rear projected]] behind Cruise. Production was followed by a strong campaign of secrecy helped by Kubrick always working with a short team on set.<ref name="ew" /> Outdoor locations included [[Hatton Garden]] for a Greenwich Village street,{{sfn|Adams|2004|p=24}} [[Hamleys]] for the toy store from the film's ending,{{sfn|Adams|2004|p=16}} and [[Mentmore Towers]] and [[Elveden Hall]] in Elveden, [[Suffolk]], England for the mansion.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwideguideto00reev/page/70 70]|title=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations|first=Tony|last=Reeves|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-55652-432-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwideguideto00reev/page/70}}</ref> Larry Smith, who had first served as a [[Gaffer (filmmaking)|gaffer]] on both ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' and ''The Shining'', was chosen by Kubrick to be the film's cinematographer. Wherever possible, Smith made use of available light sources visible in the shots such as lamps and Christmas tree lights, but when this was insufficient he used Chinese paper ball lamps to softly brighten the scene, with other types of film lighting if needed. The color was enhanced by [[push processing]] the film reels (emulsion) which helped bring out the intensity of the color and emphasize highlights.{{sfn|Pizzella|1999|loc=[http://www.theasc.com/magazine/oct99/sword/pg1.htm p. 1]}} This effect is evident in the Christmas party scene at Ziegler's house, with Smith noting that the push processing "made the lights appear to be much brighter than they were" and created a "wonderful warm glow."{{sfn|Pizzella|1999|loc=[https://theasc.com/magazine/oct99/sword/pg3.htm p. 3]}}

Kubrick's perfectionism led him to oversee every visual element that would appear in a given frame, from props and furniture to the color of walls and other objects.{{sfn|Pizzella|1999|loc=[http://www.theasc.com/magazine/oct99/sword/pg1.htm p. 1]}} One such element were the masks used in the orgy which were inspired by the masked carnival balls visited by the protagonists in the novel. Costume designer [[Marit Allen]] explained that Kubrick felt they fit in that scene for being part of the imaginary world and ended up "creat[ing] the impression of menace, but without exaggeration". As many masks as were used in the Venetian carnival were sent to London and Kubrick chose who would wear each piece.{{sfn|Ciment|2003|p=177}} The paintings of Kubrick's wife Christiane and his daughter Katherina are featured as decorations.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/23/ornament/#b6 |title=The Ornamentation of Nicole Kidman (''Eyes Wide Shut'') and Mita Vashisht (''Kasba''): a Sketch |first=Laleen |last=Jayamanne |magazine=[[Senses of Cinema]] |date=December 2002 |number=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117054130/http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/23/ornament/#b6 |archive-date=November 17, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=James|first=Nick|date=September 1999|title=At Home with the Kubrick's|magazine=[[Sight and Sound]]|volume=9|issue=9|page=12}}</ref>

Nicole Kidman revealed that her explicit scenes with the naval officer, played by Gary Goba, were filmed over three days and that Kubrick wanted them to be "almost pornographic".<ref>{{cite news |title=Goodbye Tom Cruise, hello sailor |work=[[The Age]] |page=35 |via=www.newspapers.com |date=July 17, 1999 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/123478959/ |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

After shooting had been completed, Kubrick entered a prolonged post-production process, and on March 1, 1999, Kubrick showed a cut to Cruise, Kidman and the Warner Bros. executives. Kubrick died suddenly six days later.<ref name="Jan Harlan">{{cite AV media|first=Jan |last=Harlan |author-link=Jan Harlan |title=[[Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures]] |year=2001 |publisher=Warner Bros.}}</ref>