Editing Evolutionary linguistics (section)

===From 1959 onwards: genetic determinism===
In the [[United States]], structuralism was however fended off by the advocates of [[behavioural psychology]]; a linguistics framework nicknamed as 'American structuralism'. It was eventually replaced by the approach of [[Noam Chomsky]] who published a modification of [[Louis Hjelmslev|Louis Hjelmslev's]] formal structuralist theory, claiming that [[syntactic structure]]s are [[Innatism|innate]]. An active figure in peace demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s, Chomsky rose to academic political power following Spring 1968 at the MIT.<ref name=Smith_2002>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Neil |year=2002| title=Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals. | edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-47517-1 }}</ref>

Chomsky became an influential opponent of the French intellectuals during the following decades, and his supporters successfully confronted the [[Post-structuralism|post-structuralists]]  in the ''[[Science Wars]]'' of the late 1990s.<ref name=Bricmont&Franck_2010>{{cite book |last1=Bricmont |first1=jean |last2=Franck | first2=Julie |editor-last1=Bricmont |editor-first1=jean |editor-last2=Franck | editor-first2=Julie|year=2010| title=Chomsky Notebook  |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn= 9780231144759 }}</ref> The shift of the century saw a new academic funding policy where interdisciplinary research became favoured, effectively directing research funds to biological humanities.<ref name=Rhoten_2016>{{cite journal |last=Rhoten |first=Diana |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Interdisciplinary research: trend or transition? |url=https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-archives/interdisciplinary-research-trend-or-transition/ |journal=Language Sciences |access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> The decline of structuralism was evident by 2015 with Sorbonne having lost its former spirit.<ref name=Hazareesingh_2015>{{cite journal |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |date=September 19, 2015 |title=The decline of the French intellectual |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/decline-of-french-intellectual-culture-literature-art-philosophy-history/ |journal=Politico |access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>

Chomsky eventually claimed that syntactic structures are caused by a random [[mutation]] in the human [[genome]],<ref name=Berwick&Chomsky_2015/> proposing a similar explanation for other human faculties such as [[ethics]].<ref name=Smith_2002 /> But [[Steven Pinker]] argued in 1990 that they are the outcome of evolutionary [[adaptation]]s.<ref name="Pinker Bloom 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Pinker|first1=Steven|last2=Bloom|first2=Paul|title=Natural language and natural selection|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=13|issue=4|year=2011|pages=707–727|doi=10.1017/S0140525X00081061|url=http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/~hoole/kurse/hs_evolution/pinkerbloom_bbs_13_4_1990.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.116.4044|s2cid=6167614|access-date=2017-10-24|archive-date=2007-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711071004/http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/~hoole/kurse/hs_evolution/pinkerbloom_bbs_13_4_1990.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>