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Evliya Çelebi
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=== Europe === Çelebi claimed to have encountered [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s as a guest in [[Rotterdam]] during his visit of 1663. He wrote: "[they] cursed those priests, saying, 'Our world used to be peaceful, but it has been filled by greedy people, who make war every year and shorten our lives.'"<ref name="saudiaramcoworld.com" /> While visiting [[Vienna]] in 1665–66, Çelebi noted some similarities between words in [[German language|German]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], an early observation of the relationship between what would later be known as two [[Indo-European languages]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard|author-link= Bernard Lewis|title=The Muslim Discovery of Europe |date=2001 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393245578 |page=81-82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AYkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81}}</ref> Çelebi visited [[Crete]] and in book II describes the fall of [[Chania]] to the Sultan; in book VIII he recounts the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Candia campaign]].<ref name="Speake">{{cite book |last1=Speake |first1=Jennifer|author1-link= Jennifer Speake|title=Literature of Travel and Exploration: A to F |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781579584252 |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on2ShbwVzp4C&pg=PA415}}</ref><ref name="Dankoff">{{cite book |last1=Dankoff |first1=Robert|author1-link=Robert Dankoff |title=An Ottoman Mentality: The World of Evliya Çelebi |date=2006 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047410379 |pages=2–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdJKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|edition=revised second }}</ref> ==== Croatia ==== During his travels in the Balkan regions of the Ottoman Empire Çelebi visited various regions of the modern-day [[Croatia]] including northern [[Dalmatia]], parts of [[Slavonia]], [[Međimurje]] and [[Banija]].<ref name="Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije">{{cite book |last=Škiljan |first=Filip |date=2008 |title=Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije s pregledom povijesti Banije od prapovijesti do 1881. |trans-title=Cultural and historical monuments of Banija with an overview of history Banija from prehistory to 1881. |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/book-detail?id=792826 |language=sr |location=Zagreb, Croatia |publisher=[[Serb National Council]] |isbn=978-953-7442-04-0}}</ref> He recorded variety of [[historiographic]] and [[ethnographic]] sources.<ref name="Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije"/> They included descriptions of first-hand encounters, third-party narrator witnesses, and invented elements.<ref name="Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije"/> ==== Circassia ==== Çelebi traveled to [[Circassia]] as well, in 1640.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kartalcı Polat |first=Nur |title=Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi'nde Kafkaslar |year=2018 |language=Tr}}</ref> He commented on the women's beauty and talked about the absence of mosques and bazaars despite being a Muslim country.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Evliya Çelebi. ''Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi''. Beyoğlu, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları Ltd. Şti., 1996</ref> He talks about the hospitality of Circassians and mentions that he could not write the Circassian language using letters, and compared the language to a "magpie shout".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==== Bosnia ==== [[File:Mostar Old Town Panorama.jpg|270px|thumb|[[Stari Most|The Old Bridge]] in [[Mostar]]]] Evliya Çelebi visited the town of [[Mostar]], then in [[Ottoman Bosnia]]. He wrote that the name ''Mostar'' means "bridge-keeper", in reference to the town's [[Stari Most|celebrated bridge]], 28 meters long and 20 meters high. Çelebi wrote that it "is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other. ...I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky."<ref name="saudiaramcoworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/hearts.and.stones.htm|title=Saudi Aramco World : Hearts and Stones|publisher=saudiaramcoworld.com|access-date=2014-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004214954/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/hearts.and.stones.htm|archive-date=2012-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Bulgaria (Dobruja) ==== Evliya Çelebi, who traveled around Anatolia and the Balkans in the 17th century, mentioned the northeast of Bulgaria as the Uz (Oğuz) region, and that a Turkish speaking Muslim society named ''[[Çıtak (term)|Çıtak]]'' consisting of medium-sized, cheerful and strong people lived in [[Silistra]], and also known as the '''"Dobruca Çitakları"''' in [[Dobruja]]. He also emphasizes that "Çıtaklar" is made up of a mixture of [[Tatars]], [[Vlachs]], and [[Bulgarians]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.soguksuhaber.com/citak-citaklar-makale,34.html | title=Çitak - Çitaklar }}</ref> ==== Kosovo ==== In 1660 Çelebi went to Kosovo and referred to the central part of the region as ''[[Names of the Albanians and Albania#Arnaut/Arnavut|Arnavud]]'' (آرناوود) and noted that in [[Vushtrri]] its inhabitants were speakers of [[Albanian language|Albanian]] or [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and few spoke [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]].<ref name="Anscombe787"/> The highlands around the [[Tetovo]], [[Peja]] and [[Prizren]] areas Çelebi considered as being the "mountains of Arnavudluk".<ref name="Anscombe787"/> Çelebi referred to the "mountains of Peja" as being in Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) and considered the [[Ibar river]] that converged in [[Mitrovica, Kosovo|Mitrovica]] as forming Kosovo's border with [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]].<ref name="Anscombe787"/> He viewed the "Kılab" or [[Llapi River|Llapi]] river as having its source in Arnavudluk (Albania) and by extension the [[Sitnica]] as being part of that river.<ref name="Anscombe787"/> Çelebi also included the central mountains of Kosovo within Arnavudluk.<ref name="Anscombe787">{{cite journal|last=Anscombe|first=Frederick|title=The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo|jstor=40109813|journal=The International History Review|volume=28|issue=4|year=2006|pages=772|doi=10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103|s2cid=154724667|url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/}}</ref> ==== Albania ==== Çelebi travelled extensively throughout [[Albania]], visiting it on 3 occasions. He visited [[Tirana]], [[Lezhë|Lezha]], [[Shkodër|Shkodra]] and [[Bushat]] in 1662, [[Delvinë|Delvina]], [[Gjirokastër|Gjirokastra]], [[Tepelenë|Tepelena]], [[Skrapar]], [[Përmet]], [[Berat]], [[Kaninë|Kanina]], [[Vlorë|Vlora]], Bashtova, [[Durrës]], [[Kavajë|Kavaja]], [[Peqin]], [[Elbasan]], and [[Pogradec]] in 1670.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1662 {{!}} Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname - a Journey through Northern Albania and Montenegro |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1662_Chelebi/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.albanianhistory.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1670 {{!}} Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname - a Journey to Gjirokastra |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1670_Chelebi2/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.albanianhistory.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1670 {{!}} Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname – a Journey around Lake Ohrid |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1670_Chelebi4/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.albanianhistory.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1670 {{!}} Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname - a Journey to Berat and Elbasan |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1670_Chelebi1/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.albanianhistory.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1670 {{!}} Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname - a Journey to Vlora and Durrës |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1670_Chelebi3/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.albanianhistory.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elsie |first=Robert|author-link=Robert Elsie |date=1998 |title=Das albanische Lexikon des Evliya Çelebi, 1662, und was ein Derwisch auf der Durchreise alles wissen muß |url=http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1998CelebiDt.pdf |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> ==== Parthenon ==== In 1667 Çelebi expressed his marvel at the [[Parthenon]]'s sculptures and described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00ston |title=A Traveller's History of Athens |publisher=Interlink Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781566565332 |page=[https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00ston/page/209 209] |url-access=registration}}</ref> He composed a poetic supplication that the Parthenon, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, should remain standing for all time."<ref name="Holt">{{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Frank L.|author-link= Frank Holt|date=November–December 2008 |title=I, Marble Maiden |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200806/i.marble.maiden.htm |url-status=dead |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |publisher=[[Saudi Aramco]] |volume=59 |pages=36–41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801063702/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200806/i.marble.maiden.htm |archive-date=2012-08-01 |access-date=2012-12-03 |number=6}}</ref> ==== Shirvan ==== Of oil merchants in [[Baku]] Çelebi wrote: "By Allah's decree oil bubbles up out of the ground, but in the manner of hot springs, pools of water are formed with oil congealed on the surface like cream. Merchants wade into these pools and collect the oil in ladles and fill goatskins with it, these oil merchants then sell them in different regions. Revenues from this oil trade are delivered annually directly to the [[Safavid]] [[Shah]]." ==== Crimean Khanate ==== Evliya Çelebi remarked on the impact of [[Cossack]] raids from [[Azak]] upon the territories of the [[Crimean Khanate]], destroying trade routes and severely depopulating the regions. By the time of Çelebi's arrival, many of the towns visited were affected by the Cossacks, and the only place in [[Crimea]] he reported as safe was the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortress at [[Arabat Spit|Arabat]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars|author=Fisher, A.|date=1998|publisher=Isis Press|isbn=9789754281262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PFoAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-10-27}}</ref> Çelebi wrote of the [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|slave trade]] in the Crimea:{{Blockquote|A man who had not seen this market, had not seen anything in this world. A mother is severed from her son and daughter there, a son—from his father and brother, and they are sold amongst lamentations, cries of help, weeping and sorrow.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |author-link= Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600 |work=Oxford University|year= 2007 |volume= 11 |issue= 1–2 |page=24}}</ref>}} Çelebi estimated that there were about 400,000 slaves in the Crimea but only 187,000 free Muslims.<ref>Brian L. Davies (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i5-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe]''. pp. 15–26. Routledge.</ref>
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