Editing Essentialism (section)

=== Naturalism ===
Dating back to the 18th century, naturalism is a form of essentialism in which [[social]] matters are explained through the logic of natural dispositions.<ref name=":032">{{Citation |last=Guillaumin |first=Colette |title=The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature |date=1996 |work=Sex In Question |editor-last=Adkins |editor-first=Lisa |editor-last2=Leonard |editor-first2=Diana |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203646250-10/practice-power-belief-nature-lisa-adkins-diana-leonard?context=ubx&refId=784d9cbd-9840-4f8d-a64c-cf718a54a17d |access-date= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-64625-0}}</ref> The invoked [[Nature (philosophy)|nature]] can be biological, ontological or theological.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grosz |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Grosz |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136204432 |title=Feminist Knowledge (RLE Feminist Theory): Critique and Construct |date=2013-05-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-09403-7 |editor-last=Gunew |editor-first=Sneja |edition=0 |language=en |chapter=Conclusion |doi=10.4324/9780203094037}}</ref> It is opposed by [[Antinaturalism (politics)|antinaturalism]] and [[culturalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hałas |first=Elżbieta |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/503075283 |title=Towards the world culture society: Florian Znaniecki's culturalism |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-631-59946-4 |series=Studies in sociology: symbols, theory and society |location=New York |oclc=503075283}}</ref>

====Human nature====
{{See also|Philosophical anthropology}}In the case of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', the divergent conceptions of [[human nature]] may be partitioned into ''essentialist'' versus ''non-essentialist'' (or even ''anti-essentialist'') positions.<ref>[[Pojman, Louis]] (2006). ''Who are we? Theories of human nature.'' Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Kronfeldner, Maria; Roughley, Neil; Töpfer, Georg (2014) "Recent work on human nature: beyond traditional essences." ''Philos Compass'' 9:642–652</ref> Another established dichotomy is that of [[monism]] versus [[Pluralism (philosophy)|pluralism]] about the matter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agar |first1=Nicholas |title=Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}, p 41</ref>
{{Quote|text=Monism will demand that enhancement technologies be used to create humans as close as possible to the ideal state. [...] The Nazis would have proposed the list of characteristics for admission to the SS as the universal template for enhancement technologies. [[Biohappiness|Hedonistic utilitarianism]] is a less objectionable version of monism, according to which the best human life is one that contains as much pleasure and as little suffering as possible – but like Nazism, it leaves no room for meaningful choice about enhancement.|author=Nicholas Agar<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agar |first1=Nicholas |date=2004 |title=Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}, p 41</ref>}}