Editing Eskimo (section)

=== Usage ===
[[File:Кожаный панцирь.jpg|thumb|[[Laminar armour]] from hardened leather reinforced by wood and bones worn by [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|native Siberians]] and Eskimos]]
[[File:Koryak armor.jpeg|thumb|[[Lamellar armour]] worn by [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|native Siberians]]]]

The term ''Eskimo'' is still used by people to encompass Inuit and Yupik, as well as other Indigenous or Alaska Native and Siberian peoples.<ref name="ENBR" /><ref name="NPR" /><ref name="mweb">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eskimo |title=Eskimo: Websters Dictionary |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> In the 21st century, usage in North America has declined.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="global" /> Linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences exist between Yupik and Inuit.

In Canada and Greenland, and to a certain extent in Alaska, the term ''Eskimo'' is predominantly seen as offensive and has been widely replaced by the term ''Inuit''{{hsp}}<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="stern1" /><ref name="ostg1" /><ref name="ahdinuit">Usage note, [https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Inuit "Inuit"], ''American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'': Fourth Edition, 2000</ref> or terms specific to a particular group or community.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="Waite2013">{{cite book |first=Maurice |last=Waite |title=Pocket Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-966615-7 |page=305 |quote=Some people regard the word Eskimo as offensive, and the peoples inhabiting the regions of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska prefer to call themselves Inuit |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="SvartvikLeech2016">{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Svartvik |first2=Geoffrey |last2=Leech |title=English – One Tongue, Many Voices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |isbn=978-1-137-16007-2 |page=97 |quote=Today, the term "Eskimo" is viewed as the "non preferred term". Some Inuit find the term offensive or derogatory. |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2016/05/23/obama-signs-measure-to-get-rid-of-the-word-eskimo-in-federal-laws/ |title=Obama signs measure to get rid of the word 'Eskimo' in federal laws |date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> This has resulted in a trend whereby some non-Indigenous people believe that they should use ''Inuit'' even for Yupik who are non-[[Inuit]].<ref name="kaplannew" />

[[Greenlandic Inuit]] generally refer to themselves as Greenlanders ({{lang|kl|Kalaallit}} or {{lang|da-GL|Grønlændere}}) and speak the [[Greenlandic language]] and Danish.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="ethno">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kal "Inuktitut, Greenlandic".] ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 6 Aug 2012.</ref> Greenlandic Inuit belong to three groups: the [[Kalaallit]] of west Greenland, who speak [[West Greenlandic|Kalaallisut]];<ref name="ethno" /> the [[Tunumiit]] of [[Tunu]] (east Greenland), who speak [[Tunumiit language|Tunumiit oraasiat]] ("East Greenlandic"); and the [[Inughuit]] of north Greenland, who speak [[Inuktun]].

The word ''Eskimo'' is a racially charged term in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/eskimo-pie-name-change-1.5620201 |title=Eskimo Pie owner to change ice cream's name, acknowledging derogatory term |date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=September 25, 2020 |quote=The U.S. owner of Eskimo Pie ice cream will change the product's brand name and marketing, it told Reuters on Friday, becoming the latest company to rethink racially charged brand imagery amid a broad debate on racial injustice.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/edmonton-eskimos-team-name-july8-1.5641937 |title=Edmonton CFL team heeds sponsors' calls, accelerates review of potential name change |date=July 8, 2020 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=September 25, 2020 |quote=Edmonton's team has seen repeated calls for a name change in the past, and faces renewed criticism as sports teams in Canada, the United States and elsewhere are urged to remove outdated and sometimes racist names and images.}}</ref> In Canada's Central Arctic, {{lang|ik|Inuinnaq}} is the preferred term,<ref name="translate">{{cite book |last1=Ohokak |first1=G. |first2=M. |last2=Kadlun |first3=B. |last3=Harnum |title=Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary |publisher=Kitikmeot Heritage Society}}</ref> and in the eastern Canadian Arctic {{lang|iu|Inuit}}. The language is often called ''[[Inuktitut]]'', though other local designations are also used.

[[Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 25]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html |title=Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |work=[[Department of Justice Canada]] |access-date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] and [[Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982|section 35]]<ref name="defe">{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-16.html |title=Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada |work=[[Department of Justice Canada]] |access-date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> of the [[Constitution Act, 1982|Canadian Constitution Act of 1982]] recognized Inuit as a distinctive group of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples in Canada]]. Although ''Inuit'' can be applied to all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia. In Alaska, the term ''Eskimo'' is still used because it includes both [[Iñupiat]] (singular: Iñupiaq), who are Inuit, and [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]], who are not.<ref name="kaplannew" />

The term ''[[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]]'' is inclusive of (and under U.S. and Alaskan law, as well as the linguistic and cultural legacy of Alaska, refers to) all Indigenous peoples of Alaska,<ref name="Company2005"/> including not only the Iñupiat (Alaskan Inuit) and the Yupik, but also groups such as the Aleut, who share a recent ancestor, as well as the largely unrelated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2012/jul/native-american-populations-descend-three-key-migrations |title=Native American populations descend from three key migrations |date=July 12, 2012 |website=UCL News |publisher=[[University College London]] |access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref> [[indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]] and the [[Alaskan Athabaskans]], such as the [[Eyak people]]. The term ''Alaska Native'' has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the [[Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act]] of 1971. It does not apply to Inuit or Yupik originating outside the state. As a result, the term Eskimo is still in use in Alaska.<ref name="Stern2013">{{cite book |first=Pamela R. |last=Stern |title=Historical Dictionary of the Inuit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7912-6 |page=2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="ENBR">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eskimo-people |entry=Eskimo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Inuit &#124; Definition, History, Culture, & Facts &#124; Britannica |date=28 April 2023 }}</ref> Alternative terms, such as ''Inuit-Yupik'', have been proposed,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |year=2018 |chapter=Place naming strategies in Inuit-Yupik and Dene languages in Alaska |editor1-first=Kenneth L. |editor1-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Scott |editor2-last=Heyes |title=Language, memory and landscape: Experiences from the boreal forest to the tundra |pages=1–27 |location=Calgary |publisher=[[University of Calgary Press]]}}</ref> but none has gained widespread acceptance. Early 21st century population estimates registered more than 135,000 individuals of Eskimo descent, with approximately 85,000 living in North America, 50,000 in Greenland, and the rest residing in Siberia.<ref name="ENBR" />