Editing Enrico Berlinguer (section)

=== International relations ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-M1204-026, Berlin, Besuch Berlinguer bei Honecker.jpg|thumb|left|Berlinguer (left) with the [[East German]] leader [[Erich Honecker]] in 1973]]
In 1973, Berlinguer went to [[Belgrade]], the capital of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], to meet with Yugoslav president [[Josip Broz Tito]], with a view to further developing his relationships with the major Communist parties of Europe, Asia, and Africa.<ref name="Expoitalyonline 2015"/> In 1976, Berlinguer confirmed the autonomous position of the PCI vis-à-vis the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). Before 5,000 Communist delegates in Moscow, he spoke of ''pluralistic system'', which was translated by the interpreter as ''multiform'', and referred to the PCI's intentions to build "a socialism that we believe necessary and possible only in Italy".<ref name="Expoitalyonline 2015"/> In one of his speeches in Moscow, [[Igor Ponomariov]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s closest collaborator, left the room visibly annoyed. In September 1976, during the [[Festa dell'Unità]] in Turin, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the then secretary of the Russian district of [[Stavropol]], having learned about his speeches in Moscow, asked to meet Berlinguer.<ref name="Sbaraglia 2022">{{cite web|last=Sbaraglia|first=Emiliano|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.collettiva.it/copertine/italia/2022/05/25/news/berlinguer_compagno_di_vita-2132650/|title=Berlinguer, compagno di vita|language=it|website=Collettiva|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> In November 1977, upon the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution, Berlinguer held another speech in Moscow titled "Democracy is a Universal Value".<ref>{{cite speech|last=Berlinguer|first=Enrico|date=3 November 1977|url=https://www.enricoberlinguer.it/enrico/scritti/la-democrazia-valore-universale/|title=La Democrazia è un valore universale. Discorso in occasione del 60° anniversario della Rivoluzione d'Ottobre|language=it|location=Moscow|access-date=8 July 2023|via=EnricoBerlinguer.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Liguori|first=Guido|date=25 May 2022|url=https://jacobin.com/2022/05/enrico-berlinguer-italian-communist-party-pci|title=For Enrico Berlinguer, Communism Meant the Fullest Spread of Democracy|magazine=Jacobin|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

When Berlinguer secured the PCI's condemnation of any kind of interference, the rupture with the Soviets was effectively complete, although the party still for some years received money from Moscow. Since Italy was suffering the interference of [[NATO]], the Soviets said it seemed that the only interference that the Italian Communists could not suffer was the Soviet one.<ref name="Expoitalyonline 2015"/> In an interview held on 10 June 1976 with ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', Berlinguer declared that he felt "safer under NATO's umbrella".<ref>{{cite news|last=Mantovan|first=Michela|date=23 June 1998|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/giugno/23/Nato_sinistra_dal_rifiuto_Togliatti_co_0_98062312556.shtml|url-status=dead|title=Nato e sinistra, dal rifiuto di Togliatti all' 'ombrello' di Berlinguer|work=Corriere della sera|language=it|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512113759/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/giugno/23/Nato_sinistra_dal_rifiuto_Togliatti_co_0_98062312556.shtml|archive-date=12 May 2010|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Berlinguer's acceptance of NATO did not dent American suspicion of him; appearing on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' on 14 June 1976, he was named "The Red Threat".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19760614,00.html|title=Italy: The Red Threat|magazine=Time|date=14 June 1976|access-date=17 July 2023|at=Cover}}</ref> In a 1975 speech to Italy's Chamber of Deputies, Berlinguer had said that the Italian Communists had sympathy for the American people and wanted to cultivate a friendship with the United States but that the "respect for alliances does not mean that Italy has to keep its head down".<ref name="La Repubblica 2019"/> At the same time, he ruled out Italy leaving NATO on the grounds that unilateral exits of individual countries from the NATO or the [[Warsaw Pact]] would have disturbed the process of international [[détente]].<ref name="Bedeschi 2022"/>