Editing Ennio Morricone (section)

===First compositions===
Morricone wrote his first compositions when he was six years old and he was encouraged to develop his natural talents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esz.it/aut/eng/ennio_morricone/profilo.htm |title=Ennio Morricone, Critical profile by Sergio Miceli |publisher=Esz.it |access-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033148/http://www.esz.it/aut/eng/ennio_morricone/profilo.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> In 1946, he composed "Il Mattino" ("The Morning") for voice and piano on a text by Fukuko, first in a group of seven "youth" Lieder.<ref name="pytheas">{{cite web |url=http://www.pytheasmusic.org/morricone.html |title=Ennio Morricone |publisher=pytheasmusic.org |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

In the following years, he continued to write music for the theatre as well as classical music for voice and piano, such as "Imitazione", based on a text by Italian poet [[Giacomo Leopardi]], "Intimità", based on a text by Olinto Dini, "Distacco I" and "Distacco II" with words by R. Gnoli, "Oboe Sommerso" for baritone and five instruments with words by poet [[Salvatore Quasimodo]], and "Verrà la Morte", for alto and piano, based on a text by novelist [[Cesare Pavese]].<ref name="pytheas" />

In 1953, Morricone was asked by [[Gorni Kramer]] and [[Lelio Luttazzi]] to write an arrangement for some medleys in an American style for a series of evening radio shows. The composer continued with the composition of other 'serious' classical pieces, thus demonstrating the flexibility and eclecticism that always has been an integral part of his character. Many orchestral and chamber compositions date, in fact, from the period between 1954 and 1959: ''Musica per archi e pianoforte'' (1954), ''Invenzione, Canone e Ricercare per piano''; ''Sestetto per flauto, oboe, fagotto, violino, viola, e violoncello'' (1955), ''Dodici Variazione per oboe, violoncello, e piano''; ''Trio per clarinetto, corno, e violoncello''; ''Variazione su un tema di Frescobaldi'' (1956); ''Quattro pezzi per chitarra'' (1957); ''Distanze per violino, violoncello, e piano''; ''Musica per undici violini, Tre Studi per flauto, clarinetto, e fagotto'' (1958); and the ''Concerto per orchestra'' (1957), dedicated to his teacher [[Goffredo Petrassi]].<ref name="pytheas" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dantealighieri.net/cambridge/Ital_music.html#Ennio%20Morricone |title=Dante Alighieri, Ennio Morricone biography |publisher=Dantealighieri.net |date=3 December 1911 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

Morricone soon gained popularity by writing his first background music for radio dramas and quickly moved into film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classicfm.co.uk/music/composers/h-m/ennio-morricone/ |title=Ennio Morricone |publisher=classicfm.co.uk |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>

====Composing for radio, television, and pop artists====

Morricone's career as an arranger began in 1950, by arranging the piece ''Mamma Bianca'' (Narciso Parigi).<ref>[http://www.chimai.com/index.cfm?module=MUS&mode=ALB&id=5418 Chimai.com, Mamma Bianco], Retrieved on 17 July 2016</ref> On occasion of the "[[Jubilaeum Maximum|Anno Santo]]" ([[Jubilee (Christianity)|Holy Year]]), he arranged a long group of popular songs of devotion for radio broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://text.wz.cz/em/articles/miceli_bio_en.htm |title=Ennio Morricone biography, retrieved July 17, 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817071614/http://text.wz.cz/em/articles/miceli_bio_en.htm |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1956, Morricone started to support his family by playing in a [[jazz]] band and [[arrangement|arranging]] pop songs for the Italian broadcasting service [[RAI]]. He was hired by [[Radiotelevisione Italiana|RAI]] in 1958 but quit his job on his first day at work when he was told that broadcasting of music composed by employees was forbidden by a company rule. Subsequently, Morricone became a top studio arranger at RCA Victor, working with [[Renato Rascel]], [[Rita Pavone]], Domenico Modugno, and [[Mario Lanza]].

Throughout his career, Morricone composed songs for several national and international jazz and pop artists, including [[Gianni Meccia]] (''Il barattolo'', 1960), [[Gianni Morandi]] (''Go Kart Twist'', 1962; ''Non son degno di te'', 1964), [[Alberto Lionello]] (''La donna che vale'', 1959), [[Edoardo Vianello]] (''Ornella'', 1960; ''Cicciona cha-cha'', 1960; ''Faccio finta di dormire'', 1961; ''T'ho conosciuta'', 1963; and also ''Pinne, fucine ed occhiali'', ''I Watussi'' and ''Guarda come dondolo''<ref>The master Morricone linked female singers to [[Trombone|trombones]] and the male ones to [[bugle]]s. See: {{cite book |last1=Adinolfi |first1=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JV8uEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT328 |title=Mondo Exotica: Suoni, visioni e manie della rivoluzione lounge |date=3 June 2021 |publisher=Marsilio |isbn=978-88-297-1274-8 |page=328 |language=it|oclc=797724833 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>), Nora Orlandi (''Arianna'', 1960), [[Jimmy Fontana]] (''Twist no. 9''; ''Nicole'', 1962), [[Rita Pavone]] (''Come te non c'e' nessuno'' and ''Pel di carota'' from 1962, arranged by [[Luis Bacalov]]), [[Catherine Spaak]] (''Penso a te''; ''Questi vent'anni miei'', 1964), [[Luigi Tenco]] (''Quello che conta''; ''Tra tanta gente''; 1962), [[Gino Paoli]] (''Nel corso'' from 1963, written by Morricone with Paoli), [[Renato Rascel]] (''Scirocco'', 1964), [[Paul Anka]] (''Ogni Volta''), Amii Stewart, [[Rosy Armen]] (''L'Amore Gira''), [[Milva]] (''Ridevi'', ''Metti Una Sera A Cena''), [[Françoise Hardy]] (''Je changerais d'avis'', 1966), [[Mireille Mathieu]] (''Mon ami de toujours''; ''Pas vu, pas pris'', 1971; ''J'oublie la pluie et le soleil'', 1974), and [[Demis Roussos]] (''I Like The World'', 1970).<ref>[http://www.chimai.com/index.cfm?module=MUS&mode=ALB&id=718 The Ennio Morricone Chronicles] Retrieved on 4 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/title/61523/Ennio+Morricone+Chronicles,+The Ennio Morricone Chronicles, The (2000)], Retrieved on 4 February 2013</ref>

In 1963, the composer co-wrote (with Roby Ferrante) the music for the composition "Ogni volta" ("Every Time"), a song that was performed by [[Paul Anka]] for the first time during the [[Festival della canzone italiana|Festival di Sanremo]] in 1964. This song was arranged and conducted by Morricone and sold more than three million copies worldwide, including one million copies in Italy alone.<ref>[http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/paulanka/bio/ Paul Anka biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929082302/http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/paulanka/bio/ |date=29 September 2009 }}, Verve Music Group, retrieved 6 February 2013.</ref>

Another success was his composition "Se telefonando". Performed by [[Mina (Italian singer)|Mina]], it was a track on ''[[Studio Uno 66]]'', the 4th studio album by Mina. Morricone's sophisticated arrangement of "Se telefonando" was a combination of melodic trumpet lines, [[Hal Blaine]]–style drumming, a string set, a 1960s [[Europop]] female [[choir]], and intensive subsonic-sounding trombones. The Italian Hitparade No. 7 song had eight transitions of [[tonality]] building tension throughout the chorus. During the following decades, the song was recorded by several performers in Italy and abroad including covers by [[Françoise Hardy]] and [[Iva Zanicchi]] (1966), [[Delta-V (musical group)|Delta V]] (2005), [[Vanessa and the O's]] (2007), and [[Neil Hannon]] (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mon-amie-hardy-rose.nice-topic.com/Reprises-de-Se-telefonando-h63.htm |title=Se telefonando |publisher=Mon-amie-hardy-rose.nice-topic.com |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180742/http://mon-amie-hardy-rose.nice-topic.com/Reprises-de-Se-telefonando-h63.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Françoise Hardy – Mon amie la rose'' site in the reader's poll conducted by the newspaper'' [[la Repubblica]]'' to celebrate Mina's 70th anniversary in 2010, 30,000 voters picked the track as the best song ever recorded by Mina.<ref>[http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli-e-cultura/2010/03/25/news/mina-pani-2888803/ Mamma Mina cestinò i complimenti dei Beatles] ''[[La Repubblica]]'', Gino Castaldo, 25 March 2010</ref>

In 1987, Morricone co-wrote ''[[It Couldn't Happen Here (song)|It Couldn't Happen Here]]'' with the [[Pet Shop Boys]]. Other compositions for international artists include: ''La metà di me'' and ''Immagina'' (1988) by [[Ruggero Raimondi]], ''Libera l'amore'' (1989) performed by [[Zucchero]], ''Love Affair'' (1994) by [[k.d. lang]], ''Ha fatto un sogno'' (1997) by [[Antonello Venditti]], ''Di Più'' (1997) by [[Tiziana Tosca Donati]], ''Come un fiume tu'' (1998), ''Un Canto'' (1998) and ''Conradian'' (2006) by [[Andrea Bocelli]], ''Ricordare'' (1998) and ''Salmo'' (2000) by [[Angelo Branduardi]], and ''My heart and I'' (2001) by [[Sting (musician)|Sting]].<ref>[http://www.chimai.com/index.cfm?module=MUS&mode=SON Songs and Arrangements by Morricone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501040113/http://www.chimai.com/index.cfm?module=MUS&mode=SON |date=1 May 2015 }}. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.</ref>

====First film scores====

After graduation in 1954, Morricone started to write and arrange music as a [[ghost writing|ghost writer]] for films credited to already well-known composers, while also arranging for many light music orchestras of the RAI television network, working especially with [[Armando Trovajoli]], [[Alessandro Cicognini]], and [[Carlo Savina]]. He occasionally adopted Anglicized pseudonyms, such as '''Dan Savio''' and '''Leo Nichols'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/butaca/cine/morricone-cuelga-batuta-20190108124758-ntrc.html |title=Morricone cuelga la batuta |first=Oskar |last=Belategui |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=13 June 2019 |newspaper=[[El Correo]] |language=es |publisher=[[Vocento]]}}</ref>

In 1959, Morricone was the conductor (and uncredited co-composer) for [[Mario Nascimbene]]'s score to ''Morte di un amico'' (''[[Death of a Friend]]''), an Italian drama directed by [[Franco Rossi (director)|Franco Rossi]]. In the same year, he composed music for the theatre show ''Il lieto fine'' by [[Luciano Salce]].

1961 marked his real film debut with Luciano Salce's ''[[The Fascist|Il Federale (The Fascist)]]''. In an interview with American composer [[Fred Karlin]], Morricone discussed his beginnings, stating, "My first films were light comedies or costume movies that required simple musical scores that were easily created, a genre that I never completely abandoned even when I went on to much more important films with major directors".<ref name="Biography of Ennio Morricone">{{cite web |url=http://ennio-morricone.com/#/biography.html |title=Biography of Ennio Morricone |publisher=ennio-morricone.com |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105110247/http://ennio-morricone.com/#/biography.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

With ''Il Federale'' Morricone began a long-run collaboration with Luciano Salce. In 1962, Morricone composed the jazz-influenced score for Salce's comedy ''[[Crazy Desire|La voglia matta (Crazy Desire)]]''. That year Morricone also arranged Italian singer [[Edoardo Vianello]]'s summer hit "Pinne, fucile, e occhiali", a cha-cha song, peppered with added water effects, unusual instrumental sounds and unexpected stops and starts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Enrico Deregibus |title=Dizionario completo della Canzone Italiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBko1XW9KOUC&pg=PA464 |access-date=22 January 2013 |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Enrico Deregibus |isbn=978-88-09-75625-0}}</ref>

Morricone wrote works for the concert hall in a more avant-garde style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petridis |first1=Alexis|author-link=Alexis Petridis|title=Ennio Morricone: 10 of his greatest compositions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/06/ennio-morricone-10-of-his-greatest-compositions |access-date=6 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Some of these have been recorded, such as ''Ut'', a trumpet concerto dedicated to [[Mauro Maur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=La Tromba |oclc=36806200 }}</ref>