Editing Emoticon (section)

===ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)===
Carnegie Mellon computer scientist [[Scott Fahlman]] is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982.<ref name="Seargeant">{{cite book |last1=Seargeant |first1=Philip |title=The Emoji Revolution: How Technology is Shaping the Future of Communication |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49664-3 |pages=45–46 |quote=The history of emoticons conventionally begins with the computer scientist Scott Fahlman who, in 1982, combined a colon, a hyphen and a round bracket as a way of indicating that a given statement was meant as a joke.}}</ref><ref name="Doliashvili">{{cite book |last1=Doliashvili |first1=Mariam |last2=Ogawa |first2=Michael-Brian C. |last3=Crosby |first3=Martha E. |editor1-last=Schmorrow |editor1-first=Dylan D. |editor2-last=Fidopiastis |editor2-first=Cali M. |title=Augmented Cognition. Theoretical and Technological Approaches |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=12196 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-50353-6 |date=2020 |page=26 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-50353-6_2 |s2cid=220551348 |chapter=Understanding Challenges Presented Using Emojis as a Form of Augmented Communication |quote=Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, was credited with popularizing early text-based emoticons in 1982}}</ref><ref name="Long">{{cite magazine |last1=Long |first1=Tony |title=Sept. 19, 1982: Can't You Take a Joke? :-) |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/09/dayintech-0919/ |magazine=Wired |date=19 September 2008 |url-access=limited |quote=Fahlman became the acknowledged originator of the ASCII-based emoticon.}}</ref> The use of [[ASCII]] symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer.<ref name="Veszelszki">{{cite book |last1=Veszelszki |first1=Ágnes |title=Digilect: The Impact of Infocommunication Technology on Language |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-049911-7 |pages=131–132}}</ref> In Carnegie Mellon's [[bulletin board system]], Fahlman proposed colon–[[hyphen]]–right bracket {{code|:-)}} as a label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying [[Humour|humor]] or [[sarcasm]] in plain text.<ref name="Stanton">{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrea L. |editor1-last=Benski |editor1-first=Tova |editor2-last=Fisher |editor2-first=Eran |title=Internet and Emotions |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-81944-2 |page=84 |chapter=Islamic Emoticons: Pious Sociability and Community Building in Online Muslim Communities.}}</ref>{{r|Long}} Fahlman sent the following message{{efn|The transcript of the conversation between several computer scientists, including [[David Touretzky]], [[Guy L. Steele Jr.|Guy Steele]] and [[Jaime Carbonell]],<ref name="Fahlman">{{cite web |last=Fahlman |first=Scott |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm |title=Original Bboard Thread in which :-) was proposed |website=cs.cmu.edu |access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> was believed lost before it was recovered 20 years later from old backup tapes.{{r|Long}}}} after an incident where a humorous warning about a [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious:{{r|Houston|Seargeant}}<ref name="Garber">{{cite web |last1=Garber |first1=Megan |title=) or :-)? Some Highly Scientific Data |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/emoticon-smileys-some-highly-scientific-data/373086/ |work=The Atlantic |date=June 19, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

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<pre style="border: 0px;">
19-Sep-82 11:44    Scott E  Fahlman             :-)
From: Scott E  Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>
 
I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers:
        
:-)
        
Read it sideways.  Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
things that are NOT jokes, given current trends.  For this, use
        
:-(
</pre>

Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the [[ARPANET]]<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=Notes{{dash}}Communications Breakthrough |first=James |last=Morris |date=October 10, 1982 |newsgroup=net.works |url=https://groups.google.com/group/net.works/browse_thread/thread/773cc0618cfd7d83q=Scott+Fahlman#35a7598e05d9a09b |access-date=December 18, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2021}} and [[Usenet]].<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=How to keep from being misunderstood on the net |first=Curtis |last=Jackson |date=December 3, 1982 |newsgroup=net.news |url=https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/browse_thread/thread/b72c333ced0d3adc/e008ed19e251f9ee?#e008ed19e251f9ee |access-date=December 17, 2008}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2021}} Other suggestions on the forum included an [[asterisk]] {{code|*}} and an [[ampersand]] {{code|&}}, the latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter,<ref name="Hitt">{{cite news |last1=Hitt |first1=Tarpley |title=The Inventor of the Emoticon Tells All: 'I've Created a Virus' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-inventor-of-the-emoticon-tells-all-ive-created-a-virus |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 July 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{r|Garber}} as well as a [[percent sign]] {{code|%}} and a [[Octothorpe|pound sign]] {{code|#}}.<ref name="Baron">{{cite book |last1=Baron |first1=Naomi |editor1-last=Vincent |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Fortunati |editor2-first=Leopoldina |title=Electronic Emotion: The Mediation of Emotion via Information and Communication Technologies |date=2009 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=Bern |isbn=978-3-03911-866-3 |page=112 |chapter=The myth of impoverished signal: Dispelling the spoken-language fallacy for emoticons in online communication.}}</ref> Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate [[emotion]], but also replace language.<ref name="Stanton" /> Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications,<ref name="Giannoulis">{{cite book |editor1-last=Giannoulis |editor1-first=Elena |editor2-last=Wilde |editor2-first=Lukas R. A. |title=Emoticons, ''Kaomoji'', and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-429-95884-7 |chapter=Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age <!--Chapter and book title are the same--> |quote=The most commonly used emoticons, the 'smileys', have since become an integral part of digital communication.}}{{Page needed|date=October 2021}}</ref> and have inspired a variety of other emoticons,{{r|Long}}{{sfn|Evans|2017|pp=151–152}} including the "winking" face using a [[semicolon]] {{code|;-)}},<ref name="Turns 25">{{cite news |title=:-) turns 25 <!--Smiley is part of title--> |agency=Associated Press |date=September 20, 2007 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051803/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |website=CNN.com}}</ref> {{code|XD}}, a representation of the [[Face with Tears of Joy emoji]] and the acronym [[LOL]].{{sfn|Seargeant|2019|p=47}}

In 1996, [[The Smiley Company]] was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the [[smiley]] trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating the book ''Smileys'' in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008.{{sfn|Seargeant|2019|p=47}}

A researcher at [[Stanford University]] surveyed the emoticons used in four million [[Twitter]] messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" {{code|:)}} was much more common than the original version with the hyphen {{code|:-)}}. Linguist [[Vyvyan Evans]] argues that this represents a shift in usage by younger users as a form of ''[[covert prestige]]'': rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership.{{sfn|Evans|2017|pp=152–154}}