Editing Emergency medicine (section)

== History ==
During the [[French Revolution]], after seeing the speed with which the carriages of the French flying artillery maneuvered across the battlefields, French military surgeon [[Dominique Jean Larrey]] applied the idea of ambulances, or "flying carriages", for rapid transport of wounded soldiers to a central place where medical care was more accessible and practical. Larrey operated ambulances with trained crews of drivers, corpsmen and litter-bearers and had them bring the wounded to centralized field hospitals, effectively creating a forerunner of the modern [[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital|MASH]] units. Dominique Jean Larrey is sometimes called the Father of Emergency Medicine for his strategies during the French wars.

Emergency medicine as an independent medical specialty is relatively young. Before the 1960s and 1970s, hospital emergency departments (EDs) were generally staffed by physicians on staff at the hospital on a rotating basis, among them family physicians, general surgeons, internists, and a variety of other specialists. In many smaller emergency departments, nurses would triage patients, and physicians would be called in based on the type of injury or illness. Family physicians were often on call for the emergency department and recognized the need for dedicated emergency department coverage. Many of the pioneers of emergency medicine were family physicians and other specialists who saw a need for additional training in emergency care.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Edmundson |first=L. H. |date=18 April 1994|title=What is clinical emergency medicine? A family practice perspective. |url=http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/critical-challenges.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235357/http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/critical-challenges.html|url-status=dead |conference=Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference on the Future of Emergency Medicine |location=Williamsburg, Virginia |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

During this period, physicians began to emerge who had left their respective practices to devote their work entirely to the ED. In the UK in 1952, Maurice Ellis was appointed as the first "[[Casualty (person)|casualty consultant]]" at [[Leeds General Infirmary]]. In 1967, the Casualty Surgeons Association was co-established with Maurice Ellis as its first president.<ref>Maurice Ellis Award http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/temp/1026-cec_maurice_ellis_info.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124826/http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/temp/1026-cec_maurice_ellis_info.pdf |date=27 April 2015}}</ref> In the US, the first of such groups managed by Dr James DeWitt Mills in 1961, along with four associate physicians; Dr Chalmers A. Loughridge, Dr William Weaver, Dr John McDade, and Dr Steven Bednar, at [[Inova Alexandria Hospital|Alexandria Hospital]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], established 24/7 year-round emergency care, which became known as the "Alexandria Plan".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.acepnow.com/article/commemoration-alexandria-plan-50-years/|title = Commemoration of the Alexandria Plan|date = August 2011|publisher = ACEP News|last = Zink|first = Brian}}</ref>

[[File:Maurice Ellis plaque.jpg|thumb|Maurice Ellis Blue Plaque Unveiling]]

It was not until Dr. John Wiegenstein founded the [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] (ACEP) the recognition of emergency medicine training programs by the [[American Medical Association|AMA]] and the [[American Osteopathic Association|AOA]], and in 1979 a historic vote by the [[American Board of Medical Specialties]] that emergency medicine became a recognized medical specialty in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medicine.yale.edu/emergencymed/whatis.aspx |title=What is Emergency Medicine? |publisher=Yale School of Medicine |access-date=18 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119080037/http://medicine.yale.edu/emergencymed/whatis.aspx |archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> The first emergency medicine residency program in the world began in 1970 at the [[University of Cincinnati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emermed.uc.edu/ |title=Emergency Medicine |publisher=Emermed.uc.edu |access-date=2012-10-28}}</ref> Furthermore, the first department of emergency medicine at a US medical school occurred in 1971 at the [[University of Southern California]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Emergency Medicine |url=http://keck.usc.edu/en/Education/Academic_Department_and_Divisions/Department_of_Emergency_Medicine/About_the_Department_of_Emergency_Medicine/History.aspx |title=Department of Emergency Medicine |publisher=Keck.usc.edu |access-date=2012-10-28 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826065001/http://keck.usc.edu/en/Education/Academic_Department_and_Divisions/Department_of_Emergency_Medicine/About_the_Department_of_Emergency_Medicine/History.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second residency program in the United States soon followed at what was then called Hennepin County General Hospital in Minneapolis, with two residents entering the program in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.hennepinhealthcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/grad-resources-manual-emergency-med.pdf|title = Graduate Resources Manual – Emergency Medicine|date = 2013|publisher = Hennepin County Medical Center|last = Zink|first = Brian|access-date = 26 March 2019|archive-date = 26 March 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143247/https://www.hennepinhealthcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/grad-resources-manual-emergency-med.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 1990 the UK's Casualty Surgeons Association changed its name to the British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine and subsequently became the British Association for Emergency Medicine (BAEM) in 2004. In 1993, an intercollegiate Faculty of Accident and Emergency Medicine (FAEM) became a "daughter college" of six [[Medical royal colleges|royal medical colleges]] in England and Scotland to arrange professional examinations and training. In 2005, the BAEM and the FAEM became a single unit to form the College of Emergency Medicine, now the [[Royal College of Emergency Medicine]],<ref>BAEM-Emergency Medicine Landmarks http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/CEM/History%20of%20the%20specialty/Emergency%20Medicine%20Landmarks/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103000053/http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/CEM/History%20of%20the%20specialty/Emergency%20Medicine%20Landmarks/default.asp |date=3 November 2008}}</ref> which conducts membership and fellowship examinations and publishes guidelines and standards for the practice of emergency medicine.<ref>Royal College of Emergency Medicine – Excellence in Emergency Care http://www.rcem.ac.uk/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813113616/http://www.rcem.ac.uk/ |date=13 August 2015}}</ref>