Editing Edward I of England (section)

===Early ambitions===
Edward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family.{{sfn|Hamilton|2010|p=52}} This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=15–16}}.</ref> In May 1258, a group of [[magnate]]s drew up a document for reform of the King's government{{Snd}}the so-called [[Provisions of Oxford]]{{Snd}}largely directed against the Lusignans. Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions.<ref name="Prestwich2526">{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=25–26}}.</ref> The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, and Edward's attitude gradually changed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=26-29}}.</ref> In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, [[Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester]], and on 15&nbsp;October announced that he supported the barons' goals and their leader, the Earl of Leicester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=27-29}}, {{Harvnb|Carpenter|1985|pp=226, 233–234}}.</ref>

The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic: the Earl of Leicester was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=31–32}}.</ref> When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, and his father believed that Edward was considering a coup d'état.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=32–33}}.</ref> When Henry returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall and [[Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury]], the two were eventually reconciled.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|pp=44–45}}.</ref> Edward was sent abroad to France, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=48}}; {{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=34}}.</ref>

Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters. The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against the Welsh prince [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], but Edward's forces were besieged in northern Wales and achieved only limited results.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|pp=171–172}}; {{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=54}}.</ref> Around the same time, Leicester, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Maddicott|1994|p=225}}.</ref> As the King seemed ready to give in to the barons' demands, Edward began to take control of the situation. From his previously unpredictable and equivocating attitude, he changed to one of firm devotion to protection of his father's royal rights.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|p=178}}.</ref> He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before&nbsp;– including Henry of Almain and [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey]]&nbsp;– and retook [[Windsor Castle]] from the rebels.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=41}}.</ref> Through the arbitration of King [[Louis&nbsp;IX of France]] an agreement was made between the two parties. This [[Mise of Amiens]] was largely favourable to the royalist side and would cause further conflict.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=113}}.</ref>