Editing Education in the United States (section)

===20th century===
By 1910, 72% of children were attending school. Between 1910 and 1940 the [[high school movement]] resulted in a rapid increase in public high school enrollment and graduations.<ref name=Spooner>Spooner, F. (2014). Serving students with healthcare needs. In M. Agran (Ed.), Equity and full participation for individuals with severe disabilities: A vision for the future (p. 239). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Pub.</ref> By 1930, 100% of children were attending school, excluding children with significant disabilities or medical concerns.<ref name=Spooner/>

Private schools spread during this time, as well as colleges and, in the rural centers, [[land grant colleges]].<ref name=Spooner/> In 1922, an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the [[Oregon Compulsory Education Act]], which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend [[State school#United States|public schools]], only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children, exceeding a certain living distance from a public school, or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction. The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in [[Pierce v. Society of Sisters]], determining that "a child is not a mere creature of the state". This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jorgenson|first=Lloyd P.|title=The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=54|issue=3|pages=455–466|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|jstor=25018244|year=1968}}</ref>

By 1938, there was a movement to bring education to six years of elementary school, four years of junior high school, and four years of high school.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788381,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826053451/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788381,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-08-26|title=Education: 6-4-4 Preferred|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1938-08-22|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], enrollment in high schools and colleges plummeted as many high school and college students and teachers dropped out to enlist or take war-related jobs.<ref>Campbell, pp 78–9, 226–7</ref><ref>Grace Palladino, ''Teenagers: An American History'' (1996) p 66</ref><ref>Steven Mintz, ''[[Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood]]'' (2006) pp 258–9</ref>

The 1946 [[National School Lunch Act]] provided low-cost or free [[School meal|school lunch meals]] to qualified low-income students through subsidies to schools based on the idea that a "full stomach" during the day supports class attention and studying.

The 1954 Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas]] made racial desegregation of public elementary and high schools mandatory, although white families often attempted to avoid desegregation by sending their children to private secular or religious schools.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nordin|first1=Virginia Davis|last2=Turner|first2=William Lloyd|year=1980|title=More than Segregation Academies: The Growing Protestant Fundamentalist Schools|journal=The Phi Delta Kappan|volume=61|issue=6|pages=391–394}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Carper|first=James C.|year=1983|title=The Christian Day School Movement|journal=The Educational Forum|volume=47|issue=2|pages=135–149|doi=10.1080/00131728309335955}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carper|first1=James C.|last2=Layman|first2=Jack|year=1995|title=Independent Christian Day Schools Past, Present, and Prognosis|journal=Journal of Research on Christian Education|volume=4|issue=1|pages=7–19|doi=10.1080/10656219509484824}}
</ref> In the years following this decision, the number of Black teachers rose in the North but dropped in the South.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Oakley D, Stowell J, Logan JR|title=The impact of desegregation on black teachers in the metropolis, 1970–2000|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1576–1598|date=2009|pmid=24039318|pmc=3769798|doi=10.1080/01419870902780997}}</ref>

In 1965, the far-reaching [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act]] ('ESEA'), passed as a part of President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[War on poverty]], provided funds for primary and secondary education ('Title I funding'). Title VI explicitly forbade the establishment of a [[national curriculum]].<ref>"The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 forbids federally determined curricula." [https://archive.today/20120801233604/http://www.hoover.org/pubaffairs/dailyreport/archive/2864556.html Hoover Institution&nbsp;– Daily Report Archives&nbsp;– Secretary Riley Reignites the Math Wars]</ref> Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 created the [[Pell Grant]] program which provides financial support to students from low-income families to access higher education.

In 1975, the [[Education for All Handicapped Children Act]] established funding for [[special education]] in schools.

The Higher [[Education Amendments of 1972]] made changes to the [[Pell Grant]]. The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. The 1983 [[National Commission on Excellence in Education]] report, famously titled ''[[A Nation at Risk]]'', touched off a wave of federal, state, and local reform efforts, but by 1990 the country still spent only 2% of its budget on education, compared with 30% on support for the elderly.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=U.S. spending|date=April 19, 1990|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|page=43}}</ref> In 1990, the EHA was replaced with the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]] (IDEA), which placed more focus on students as individuals, and also provided for more post-high school transition services.