Editing Edema (section)

=== Generalized ===
A rise in [[hydrostatic pressure]] occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in [[nephrotic syndrome]] and [[liver failure]].<ref name="pmid8790586">{{cite journal |last= Renkin |first=EM | title = Cellular aspects of transvascular exchange: a 40-year perspective | journal = Microcirculation | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 157–67 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8790586 | doi = 10.3109/10739689409148270 | s2cid = 28046134 }}</ref>

Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause [[pulmonary edema]], pleural effusions, [[ascites]] and [[peripheral edema]]. Such severe systemic edema is called [[anasarca]]. In rare cases, a [[parvovirus B19]] infection may cause generalized edemas.<ref name="pmid23472922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiggli B, Imhof E, Meier CA, Laifer G | title = Water, water, everywhere. Acute parvovirus B19 infection | journal = Lancet | volume = 381 | issue = 9868 | pages = 776 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23472922 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61894-7 | s2cid = 19300719 }}</ref>

Although a low plasma [[oncotic pressure]] is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema may occur before there is any significant protein in the urine ([[proteinuria]]) or fall in plasma protein level. Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli, and these changes occur, if to a lesser degree, in the vessels of most other tissues of the body. Thus the resulting increase in permeability that leads to protein in the urine can explain the edema if all other vessels are more permeable as well.<ref name="pmid9185099">{{cite journal |vauthors=Palmer BF, Alpern RJ | title = Pathogenesis of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome | journal = Kidney Int. Suppl. | volume = 59 | pages = S21–7 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9185099 }}</ref>

As well as the previously mentioned conditions, edemas often occur during the late stages of pregnancy in some women. This is more common with those of a history of pulmonary problems or poor circulation also being intensified if arthritis is already present in that particular woman. Women who already have arthritic problems most often have to seek medical help for pain caused from over-reactive swelling. Edemas that occur during pregnancy are usually found in the lower part of the leg, usually from the calf down.

[[Hydrops fetalis]] is a condition in a baby characterized by an accumulation of fluid in at least two body compartments.