Editing Economy of Tajikistan (section)

==Industries==

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Tajikistan}}
Although the government has announced an expedited land reform program, many Soviet-era state farms still existed in 2006, and the state retains control of production and harvesting on privatized farms. Privatization of [[cotton]] farms has been especially slow, and unresolved debts of cotton farmers remained a problem in 2006. In the early 2000s, the major crops were cotton (which occupied one-third of arable land in 2004 but decreased after that date), [[cereal]]s (mainly wheat), [[potato]]es, [[vegetable]]s (mainly onions and tomatoes), [[fruits]], and [[rice]]. Cotton makes an important contribution to both the agricultural sector and the national economy. Cotton accounts for 60 percent of agricultural output, supports 75 percent of the rural population, and uses 45 percent of irrigated arable land.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23909-tajikistan-over-392-5-thousand-tons-of-cotton-picked-in-tajikistan |title=Tajikistan: Over 392.5 thousand tons of cotton picked in Tajikistan |publisher=BS-AGRO |date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220200124/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23909-tajikistan-over-392-5-thousand-tons-of-cotton-picked-in-tajikistan |archive-date=December 20, 2013 }}</ref> More than 80% of the 8,800 square kilometers of land in use for agriculture depends on [[irrigation]]. Tajikistan must import grain from [[Kazakhstan]] and Uzbekistan.<ref name=cp/>

Tajikistan produced in 2018:

* 964 thousand tons of [[potato]];
* 778 thousand tons of [[wheat]];
* 680 thousand tons of [[onion]];
* 641 thousand tons of [[watermelon]];
* 443 thousand tons of [[tomato]];
* 356 thousand tons of [[carrot]];
* 308 thousand tons of [[vegetable]];
* 300 thousand tons of [[cotton]];
* 241 thousand tons of [[grape]];
* 238 thousand tons of [[apple]];
* 237 thousand tons of [[maize]];
* 211 thousand tons of [[cucumber]];
* 116 thousand tons of [[cabbage]];
* 108 thousand tons of [[barley]];
* 90 thousand tons of [[rice]];

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like [[apricot]] (31 thousand tons).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Tajikistan production in 2018, by FAO| access-date = 2020-11-01| archive-date = 2020-05-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200529074007/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Forestry===
3% of Tajikistan is forested, mainly at elevations between 1,000 and 3,000 meters. No [[forestry|forest]] region is classified as commercially usable; most are under state protection. Wood production is negligible, but local inhabitants harvest non-wood forest products.<ref name=cp/>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/assets/files/Forestry%20sector%20analysis%20of%20the%20republic%20of%20Tajikistan%20eng.pdf|title=Forestry Sector Analysis of the Republic of Tajikistan|website=Naturalresources-centralasia.org|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711203439/http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/assets/files/Forestry%20sector%20analysis%20of%20the%20republic%20of%20Tajikistan%20eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fishing===
Streams and lakes produce a limited amount of [[fish]], and some fish is produced by [[aquaculture]]. In 2003 some 158 tons of fish were caught and 167 tons raised on fish farms.<ref name=cp/>

===Mining and minerals===
{{main|Mining in Tajikistan}}
Tajikistan has rich deposits of [[gold]], [[silver]], and [[antimony]]. The largest silver deposits are in [[Sughd Province]], where Tajikistan's largest gold [[mining]] operation is also located. Russia's Norilsk nickel company has explored a large new silver deposit at Bolshoy Kanimansur. Tajikistan also produces [[strontium]], [[salt]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[fluorspar]], and [[mercury (element)|mercury]]. [[Uranium]], an important [[mineral]] in the Soviet era, remains in some quantity but is no longer extracted. [[Fossil fuel]] deposits are limited to coal, of which about 30,000 tons are mined annually. Tajikistan's extensive aluminium processing industry depends entirely on imported ore.<ref name=cp/>

===Industry and manufacturing===
The output of most [[Industry (economics)|industries]] declined sharply during the mid-1990s; despite widespread privatization, in the early 2000s industry rallied very slowly. In 2006 an estimated one-third of Tajikistan's 700 major industrial enterprises were completely idle, and the remainder were operating at 20 or 25% of capacity. The causes are outmoded equipment, low investment levels, and lack of markets. To revitalize the sector, in 2006 the government was considering renationalizing some enterprises. Tajikistan's only major heavy industries are [[aluminium processing]] and [[chemical industry|chemical production]]. The former, which provided 40% of industrial production in 2005, is centered at the [[Tajik Aluminium Company|Tursunzoda processing plant]], the latter in [[Dushanbe]], [[Qurghonteppa]], and [[Yovon]]. Aluminium production increased by 6% in 2005. Some small light industrial plants produce [[textiles]] and [[food processing|processed foods]], using mainly domestic agricultural products. The textile industry processes about 20% of domestically grown [[cotton]]. The expansion of light industry output contributed significantly to GDP growth in 2005. The construction industry, about half of which is state-owned, has suffered from low investment in capital projects and from shoddy workmanship that has discouraged international contracts. However, new infrastructure projects and increased housing construction brought a 60% increase in output from 2004 to 2005.<ref name=cp/> As of 2009, one third of industrial plants and factories are inactive, according to Tajikistan's Institute of Economic Studies. Industrial output has fallen by 13% in the first six months of 2009, leading to a fall in export revenues of 48%.

===Energy===
{{See also|List of power stations in Tajikistan}}

The rivers of Tajikistan, such as the [[Vakhsh River|Vakhsh]] and the [[Panj River|Panj]], have great [[hydropower]] potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the hydroelectric power station [[Nurek Dam|Nurek]], the second highest dam in the world.<ref name=dams>
{{cite web
 |url=http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html 
 |title=Highest Dams (World and U.S.) 
 |publisher=ICOLD World Register of Dams 
 |year=1998 
 |access-date=2008-03-08 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405065705/http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html 
 |archive-date=2008-04-05 
}}</ref>  [[Sangtuda 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant]] of 670&nbsp;megawatts (MW) capacity, operated by Russian [[Inter RAO UES]], commenced operations on 18 January 2008 and was officially commissioned on 31 July 2009.<ref name=vesti>
{{cite news
 |url=http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html 
 |title=Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января (''First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January'') 
 |publisher=Vesti 
 |date=2007-12-25 
 |access-date=2008-03-08 
 |language=ru 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405065705/http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html 
 |archive-date=2008-04-05 
}}</ref><ref name=todayenergy>
{{cite news
 |url         = http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php
 |title       = Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008
 |publisher   = Today Energy
 |date        = 2008-01-05
 |access-date  = 2008-03-08
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041605/http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php
 |archive-date = January 16, 2009
}}</ref><ref name=reuters310709>{{cite news
  | title = Russia boosts C.Asia ties, opens plant in Tajikistan
  | work = [[Reuters]]
  | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLV616217?sp=true
  | author = Roman Kozhevnikov, Anastasia Onegina
  | date = 2009-07-31
  | access-date = 2009-08-04
  | archive-date = 2020-11-17
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201117021623/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLV616217?sp=true
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref><ref name=market>
{{cite news
 |title       = In Tajikistan, started Sangtuda HPP-1
 |publisher   = Market Analysis
 |url         = http://dotnetpalm.net/Company-News/in-tajikistan-started-sangtuda-hpp-1/
 |date        = 2009-07-31
 |access-date  = 2009-08-08
 |url-status     = usurped
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090811031343/http://dotnetpalm.net/Company-News/in-tajikistan-started-sangtuda-hpp-1/
 |archive-date = 2009-08-11
}}
</ref>  Other projects at the development stage include [[Sangtuda 2 Hydroelectric Power Plant|Sangduta 2]] by Iran, Zerafshan by Chinese [[SinoHydro]] and [[Rogun Dam|Rogun power plant]], which, at {{convert|335|m|ft|0}}, is projected to supersede the Nurek Dam as tallest in the world if completed.<ref>[[Richard Foltz]], ''A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East'', London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2019, p. 161.</ref> The Rogun Dam was originally planned to be built by Russia's Inter RAO UES, but following disagreements, Russia pulled out. In 2010, production resumed with Iranian investment and Chinese assistance.<ref name=irna>
{{cite news
 |url         = http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm
 |title       = Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan
 |publisher   = IRNA
 |date        = 2007-04-24
 |access-date  = 2008-03-08
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130428215008/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm
 |archive-date = 2013-04-28
}}</ref><ref name=rferl1>{{cite news
|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html
|title=Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant
|publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2008-03-08
|archive-date=2008-03-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315013838/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=energyland>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.energyland.info/news/world_news/2007/09/14/news_1264
|title= РАО "ЕЭС России" построит "Рогунскую ГЭС" в Таджикистане (''RAO UES to construct Rogun HPS in Tajikistan'')
|publisher=EnergyLand.info
|date= 2007-09-14
|access-date=2008-03-08
|language=ru
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080429001530/http://www.energyland.info/news/world_news/2007/09/14/news_1264 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-04-29}}</ref>  Besides hydropower, other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum. In December 2010, Russian Gazprom announced discovery of significant natural gas reserves in Sarykamish field with 60 bcm of natural gas, enough for 50 years of Tajikistan's domestic consumption. The national power company is [[Barqi Tojik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/MA14Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115070121/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/MA14Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=15 January 2011|title=Asia Times Online|website=Atimes.com|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

Tajikistan is a partner country of the [[European Union|EU]] [[INOGATE]] energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing [[energy security]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]] of member state [[energy market]]s on the basis of [[Internal energy market|EU internal energy market]] principles, supporting [[sustainable energy]] development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inogate.org/|title=INOGATE|website=Inogate.org|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118080914/http://www.inogate.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Services===
Throughout the early 2000s, the overall output of the services sector has increased steadily. The banking system has improved significantly because of strengthened oversight by the [[National Bank of Tajikistan]], relaxed restrictions on participation by foreign institutions, and regulatory reform. The system includes 16 commercial banks and the central bank, or National Bank. The state controls the system, although in principle most banks have been privatized. An internationally assisted restructuring program was completed in 2003. Banks provide a narrow range of services, concentrating on providing [[credit (finance)|credit]] to state-owned enterprises. Only an estimated 10% of the capital in Tajikistan moves through the banking system, and small businesses rarely borrow from banks.

Abdujabbor Shirinov, Chairman of the National Bank of Tajikistan announced 142 credit organizations, including 16 banks and 299 their branches, two non-bank financial institutions and 124 microfinance organizations functioned in Tajikistan at the first of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.tj/en/news/tajikistan-ready-coming-new-foreign-banks-says-tajik-central-bank-head|title=Tajikistan ready for coming of new foreign banks, says Tajik central bank head - Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus|website=News.tj|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106061456/http://news.tj/en/news/tajikistan-ready-coming-new-foreign-banks-says-tajik-central-bank-head|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
The [[tourism industry]] of Tajikistan was eliminated by the civil war, but has begun to re-establish itself in recent years. In 2018, the [[British Backpacker Society]] ranked [[Tajikistan]] as the 7th best [[adventure travel]] destination on earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2018/01/05/pakistan-top-backpacker-destintion/|title=Pakistan rated top destination by the British Backpacker Society|last=Planet|first=Lonely|website=Lonelyplanet.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-24|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105222451/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2018/01/05/pakistan-top-backpacker-destintion/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tajik Committee on Tourism Development responded to this accolade by stating that "the inclusion of [[Tajikistan]] in the [[British Backpacker Society’s]] top 20 adventure travel destinations testifies the development of tourism in [the] country."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/region/124989.html|title=Tajikistan ranked 7th place in the top 20 adventure travel destinations of the world|date=2018-01-04|work=AzerNews.az|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222107/https://www.azernews.az/region/124989.html|url-status=live}}</ref>