Editing Economy of Peru (section)

=== Viceroyalty of Peru ===
[[File:Phillips, Richard - Bozal - From The present state of Peru - 1805.jpg|left|thumb|197x197px|[[Bozal Spanish|''Bozal'']] African in Lima, 1805]]
The economy of the Viceroyalty of Peru largely depended on the export of silver.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453253/Viceroyalty-of-Peru Viceryoalty of Peru], Encyclopedia Britannica. Academic edition. 2011.</ref> The huge amounts of silver exported from the Viceroyalty of Peru and Mexico deeply affected Europe, where some scholars believe it caused the so-called [[price revolution]].<ref name="Garner">Garner, Richard L. Long-Term  Silver Mining Trends in Spanish America: A Comparative Analysis of Peru and Mexico</ref> Silver mining was carried out using contract and free wage labourers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Noble David |author-link=Noble David Cook |title=Demographic collapse, Indian Perú, 1520–1620 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-521-23995-8 |page=237}} </ref> as well as the ''[[encomienda]]'' system of [[slavery]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|date=26 September 2008|title=Encomienda|url=https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/encomienda/32596|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232945/https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/encomienda/32596|archive-date=21 January 2019|access-date=21 January 2019|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The ''encomienda'' has been described as constituting [[genocide]].<ref>Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism {{dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeager|first1=Timothy J.|date=December 1995|title=Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America |journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=55|issue=4|pages=842–859|doi=10.1017/S0022050700042182|jstor=2123819|s2cid=155030781}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stannard|first=David E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzFsODcGjfcC&pg=PA139|title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World|date=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195085570|page=139|author-link=David Stannard|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125185835/https://books.google.com/books?id=RzFsODcGjfcC&pg=PA139|archive-date=25 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the Spanish system, Cieza de León wrote that "with the disorder and greed of the Spaniards, the number of the people has fallen off to such a degree that most of them have disappeared, and they will be wiped out completely as a result of the covetousness and greed".<ref name="StarnKirk2009" /> [[Afro-Peruvian]]s also appeared as a result of [[slavery in colonial Spanish America]].<ref>Lockhart, James. ''Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Social History'', 2nd ed., Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press, 1994 p. 196</ref> Silver production peaked in 1610.<ref name="Garner" />

Prussian explorer [[Alexander von Humboldt]] first encountered [[guano]] in 1802 and started fertilizer research [[Callao]] in Peru, with his findings being reported throughout Europe.{{sfn|Cushman|2013|p=26}}