Editing Economy of Nigeria (section)

== Agriculture ==
{{Further|Agriculture in Nigeria}}

[[File:Nigerian farmers.jpg|thumb|Nigerian farmers in the [[Middle Belt]] (2006). 30% of Nigerians are employed in agriculture.<ref name="same name">Olomola Ade S. (2007) "Strategies for Managing the Opportunities and Challenges of the Current Agricultural Commodity Booms in SSA" in Seminar Papers on Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Publication of the AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya</ref>|220x220px]]The agricultural sector suffers from extremely low productivity, reflecting reliance on antiquated methods. Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, so the country, which once exported food, now imports a significant amount of food to sustain itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iloani |first=Francis Arinze |date=2019-08-15 |title=Nigeria spent N40trn on food imports in 21yrs – Data |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigeria-spent-n40trn-on-food-imports-in-21yrs-data.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220925/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigeria-spent-n40trn-on-food-imports-in-21yrs-data.html |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, efforts are being made towards making the country food sufficient again. Africa's most populous country has failed to grow more food for its fast-rising population who must be fed with staples ranging from rice, beans, maize etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay News |url=https://businessday.ng/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527015531/https://businessday.ng/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Crop production ===
[[File:Foodstuff-production-Nigeria-2020.jpg|left|thumb|Plant based food production in Nigeria, 2020, in million tonnes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Vegetables primary production, 1961-2021 - knoema.com |url=https://knoema.com//atlas/Nigeria/topics/Agriculture/Crops-Production-Quantity-tonnes/Vegetables-primary-production |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Knoema |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
Nigeria [[List of countries by agricultural output|ranks sixth]] worldwide and first in [[Africa]] in farm output.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Countries ranked by Agriculture, value added (current US$) - Africa|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD/rankings/africa|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.indexmundi.com|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413093509/https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD/rankings/africa|url-status=live}}</ref> The sector accounts for about 18% of GDP and almost one-third of employment. Though Nigeria is no longer a major exporter, due to local consumer boom, it is still a major producer of many agricultural products.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Agriculture/Reviving-the-Cocoa-Industry-in-Nigeria/37675|website=Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203021/https://www.proshareng.com/news/Agriculture/Reviving-the-Cocoa-Industry-in-Nigeria/37675|url-status=live}}</ref> Further agricultural products include palm oil and [[Natural rubber|rubber]].

==== Roots and tubers ====
[[File:Agriculture-nig-rootvscereal.jpg|thumb|Roots economy in the South and cereal economy in the North of Nigeria]]
Counting by weight, this "underground food" is the largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 118 million tonnes in 2020.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Vegetables primary production, 1961-2021 - knoema.com |url=https://knoema.com//atlas/Nigeria/topics/Agriculture/Crops-Production-Quantity-tonnes/Vegetables-primary-production |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Knoema |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416101038/https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/topics/Agriculture/Crops-Production-Quantity-tonnes/Vegetables-primary-production |url-status=live }}</ref> This group includes [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[cassava]], [[potato]]es and [[sweet potato]]es. These food products are cultivated mostly in the south of Nigeria ("Roots economy").

==== Cereals ====
The group of [[sorghum]], [[Pearl millet|pear millet]] etc. is the second-largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 28.6 million tonnes in 2020.<ref name=":4" /> 50% or 14 million tonnes of this is sorghum.<ref name=":5" /> The [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]] production adds another 1.5 million tonnes to this. Cereals are mostly cultivated in the savannah zone of the country,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Extquest |date=2019-06-01 |title=Cereals production in Nigeria: Problems, constraints and opportunities for betterment. |url=https://extquest.home.blog/2019/06/01/cereals-production-in-nigeria-problems-constraints-and-opportunities-for-betterment/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702195213/https://extquest.home.blog/2019/06/01/cereals-production-in-nigeria-problems-constraints-and-opportunities-for-betterment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and on the 23rd of June Nigeria's grain market report, the International Grains Council (IGC) placed Nigeria's total 2022-23 grains production at 21.6 million tonnes, this specific figure was reviewed from the previous month's forecast which was 21.1 million, It set the production in the year 2021–22 at 21.5 million which demonstrates and proves that there is an increase in the production of grains on the 23rd of June 2022 – 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Focus on Nigeria {{!}} World Grain |url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/17302-focus-on-nigeria |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.world-grain.com |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115826/https://www.world-grain.com/articles/17302-focus-on-nigeria |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Rice and paddy ====
[[File:Agriculture-nig-peanuts-etc.jpg|thumb|Peanut, oil palm, cocoa and cotton production in Nigeria.]]
The third-largest group of food produced in Nigeria is rice and paddy. In 2020, 8.2 million tonnes were produced.<ref name=":4" />

==== Oil crops ====
Nigeria produced a good 4 million tonnes of oil crops in 2020. These are e.g. [[soybean]]s, [[sunflower seed]], [[Rapeseed oil|canola]] and [[peanut]]s.<ref name=":4" />

==== Citrus fruit ====
Nigeria produced close to 4 million tonnes of citrus fruit in 2020. Main Nigerian citrus fruits are [[tangerine]], [[grape]], [[lemon]] and lime.<ref name=":4" />

==== Cocoa ====
[[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]] production, mostly from obsolete varieties and overage trees has increased from around 180,000 tons annually to 350,000 tons.<ref name=":3" />

==== More products ====
[[Bean]]s, [[melon]]s, pepper and vegetables are grown on chopping fields. Oil palms, rubber and bananas are grown for export. Palm oil plays a major role in Nigeria's burgeoning personal care products industry.

=== Livestock ===

==== Cattle ====
[[File:Kano fruit market.jpg|alt=livestock in the Nigeria market|thumb|Livestock in Kano fruit market, Nigeria]]
In total, about 15 million head are kept. In addition, about five million pigs are kept. Small livestock such as sheep, goats and chickens are kept mainly for subsistence.

==== Poultry and Eggs ====
An estimated 42% of Nigerians own [[chicken]]. As a result, [[poultry]] and [[Egg as food|eggs]] represent a popular commodity within the food industry. 46% of the poultry is kept in an extensive / [[Free range|free-range]] system. 300 thousand tonnes of poultry meat and 650 thousand tonnes of eggs are produced annually in Nigeria (estimation).<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2020 |title=FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Food%20%26%20Beverage%20Nigeria-2020.pdf |website=www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com |publisher=Flanders Investment and Trade Office |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531081823/https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Food%20%26%20Beverage%20Nigeria-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fishing ===
[[File:Fish farming, Photo 1.jpg|alt=A man catching fish|thumb|A man catching fish]]
In 2003, Nigeria recorded a fish production of 505.8 metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: ECONOMY|url=http://data.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/238ng.html|website=data.mongabay.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140021/https://data.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/238ng.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, production stood at 1 027 000 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/nga?lang=en |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref>

=== Timber ===
Roundwood removals totaled slightly less than 70 million cubic meters, and sawn wood production was estimated at 2 million cubic meters.

The paper industry in [[Nigeria]] has a long history that dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, when the [[government]] established three integrated pulp and paper mills: the Nigerian Paper Mill in [[Jebba]]; the Nigeria Newsprint Manufacturing Company, Oku Iboku; and the Iwopin Pulp and Paper Company. These mills were meant to meet the domestic demand for paper products and reduce import dependence.<ref name="Agunwamba">{{Cite journal |last1=Ezeudu |first1=Obiora B. |last2=Agunwamba |first2=Jonah C. |last3=Ezeasor |first3=Ikenna C. |last4=Madu |first4=Christian N. |date=March 2019 |title=Sustainable Production and Consumption of Paper and Paper Products in Nigeria: A Review |journal=Resources |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=53 |doi=10.3390/resources8010053 |issn=2079-9276 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Resou...8...53E }}</ref>

However, these mills have faced various challenges over the years, such as lack of maintenance, obsolete equipment, inadequate [[power supply]], and scarcity of raw materials. As a result, they have either become moribund or are operating at low capacity. According to a report by [[AllAfrica|allAfrica.com]], only the Jebba mill still has a shoath of life.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Onwuamaeze |first1=Dike |date=15 February 2022 |title=Nigeria: Paper Industry - a Sector in Death Throes |newspaper=This Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202202150243.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029231944/https://allafrica.com/stories/202202150243.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The local production of paper products in Nigeria is estimated at 265,000 [[metric tons]] per year, while the domestic demand is estimated at 3 million metric tons per annum.<ref name="Agunwamba"/> This means that Nigeria relies heavily on importation of paper products to meet its needs, which costs the country about N182 billion annually. Importing paper products also exposes the country to fluctuations in [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] rates and international market prices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Nigeria misses out on $351bn market as paper mills remain moribund |url=https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/nigeria-misses-out-on-351bn-market-as-paper-mills-remain-moribund/ |website=Businessday.ng |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625035714/https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/nigeria-misses-out-on-351bn-market-as-paper-mills-remain-moribund/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Food processing ===

==== Peeling / Milling ====
{{Main|Imota rice mill}}Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but imported husked rice, the country's staple food. The [[Imota rice mill|rice mill in Imota]], near Lagos, is expected to do the relevant processing domestically, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and middlemen. It began operations in 2023 at low levels, and is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.4 million 50-kg bags of rice annually when fully operational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agronigeria.ng/lagos-targets-100000-metric-tons-of-rice-paddy/|title=Lagos Targets 100,000 Metric Tons of Rice Paddy - AgroNigeria|date=22 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/lagos-requires-n50b-to-produce-100000mt-of-paddy-rice/|title=Lagos requires N50b to produce 100,000MT of paddy rice|first=Guardian|last=Nigeria|date=22 January 2024}}</ref>

==== Coconut oil milling and refining ====
A multi-billion Naira coconut oil refinery, first of its kind in Africa&nbsp;started business in&nbsp;[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]] State. The&nbsp;''St.Gabriel Coconut Refinery'' in [[Mkpat-Enin|Mkpat Enin]] was inaugurated in May 2022. The governor of Akwa Ibom promised to commence immediate training of indigenous hands to man the refinery, said the facility has a daily capacity to crack 1,000,000 coconuts&nbsp;and will employ no fewer than 3,000 direct and indirect staff.<ref name="thisdaylive.com">{{Cite web |title=First Multi-billion Naira Coconut Oil Refinery in Africa Inaugurated in A'Ibom – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/16/first-multi-billion-naira-coconut-oil-refinery-in-africa-inaugurated-in-aibom/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705205139/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/16/first-multi-billion-naira-coconut-oil-refinery-in-africa-inaugurated-in-aibom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Coconut oil goes for $1,326&nbsp;per barrel, according to Governor Emmanuel.<ref name="thisdaylive.com"/>

==== Dairy and meat ====
Nigeria has 19 million head of cattle, the largest number in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=Nigeria to Increase Beef Consumption to 1.3 Million Tonnes By 2050 - Adesina |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405160659.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |via=AllAfrica |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025225420/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405160659.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet the dairy sector in Nigeria is only able to supply less than 10% of the country's demand for dairy products (as of June 2021), a gap expected to grow in line with population growth.<ref name="dairyreporter.com">{{Cite web |last=dairyreporter.com |title=Arla builds dairy farm in Nigeria to support local milk production |url=https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2021/06/21/Arla-builds-dairy-farm-in-Nigeria-to-support-local-milk-production |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=dairyreporter.com |date=21 June 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525164534/https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2021/06/21/Arla-builds-dairy-farm-in-Nigeria-to-support-local-milk-production |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fan Milk, a [[Danone]] Group company, manufacturer of popular frozen dairy and ice cream brands, unveiled its newly completed model dairy in [[Odeda]], Ogun state, in June 2022. This dairy farm is Danone's first investment in dairy farming in sub-Saharan Africa to boost local milk production in Nigeria. Fan Milk will launch a world-class dairy farm and training institute, leveraging the expertise of parent company Danone.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Fan Milk Danone model dairy farm ready for commissioning |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/fan-milk-danone-model-dairy-farm-ready-for-commissioning/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630125003/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/fan-milk-danone-model-dairy-farm-ready-for-commissioning/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Lekki's Free Trade Zone, the Dano Milk Factory (Arla) opened in 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Nigeria: The Lagos Free Zone - complete with port - aims to transform industrial growth |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/111489/nigerias-free-trade-zones-are-taking-off/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702171702/https://www.theafricareport.com/111489/nigerias-free-trade-zones-are-taking-off/ |url-status=live }}</ref> - In 2021 farmer owned dairy co-operative [[Arla Foods]] started to build a dairy farm in [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]] state with 200 hectares. It will keep 400 dairy cows and will have modern milking parlors and technology, also grass lands and living facilities for 25 employees.<ref name="dairyreporter.com"/>

==== Bakery, household cereals, etc. ====
Nigeria's bread sector is growing rapidly, with 72 percent dominated by small- and medium-scale bakers, according to a 2016 KPMG report. The bakery market of Nigeria is a $621 million industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-26 |title=72% of Nigeria's $621m bread industry dominated by small-scale bakers |url=https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/72-nigerias-621m-bread-industry-dominated-small-scale-bakers/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201723/https://businessday.ng/real-sector/article/72-nigerias-621m-bread-industry-dominated-small-scale-bakers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''"Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery"'' is the bakery product group with the highest consumption (8.5M tonnes), which is 91% of total volume. ''"Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery"'' exceeded the figures recorded for the second-largest product group "gingerbread, sweet biscuits and waffles" (689K tonnes), more than tenfold. The Nigerian bakery product market size is expected to show significant growth in the forecast period 2020–2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajansı |first=Newclick Dijital Reklam |title=Bread and bakery market overview in Nigeria |url=https://magazinebbm.com/blog/bread-and-bakery-market-overview-in-nigeria-1766 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=magazinebbm.com |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702183609/https://magazinebbm.com/blog/bread-and-bakery-market-overview-in-nigeria-1766 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Primera Food in cooperation with [[Michael Foods]] started production of  noodles on a big scale in [[Ogun State|Ogun state]] in 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Massive New Factories As Investors Scramble For Nigeria's Market | date=29 June 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_4WZFIgeSA |language=en |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630124731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_4WZFIgeSA |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Kellogg's]] opened a production plant for her products in the [[Lekki|Lekki Free Trade Zone]] in Lagos in 2022.<ref name=":1" /> It is the second factory Kellogg's has built in Africa.<ref name=":2" />

In [[Jos]], NASCO Foods produces biscuits and corn flakes. In 2022 they expanded their Jos factory.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NASCO FOODS - Food manufacturer in Jos, Nigeria |url=https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jos/place/p/8395944/NASCO+FOODS |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.top-rated.online |date=25 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201723/https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jos/place/p/8395944/NASCO+FOODS |url-status=live }}</ref>