Editing ELIZA effect (section)

== Significance ==
The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in [[artificial intelligence]], demonstrating the principle of using [[Social engineering (security)|social engineering]] rather than explicit programming to pass a [[Turing test]].<ref name="Trappl2002">{{cite book|title=Emotions in Humans and Artifacts|last1=Trappl|first1=Robert|last2=Petta|first2=Paolo|last3=Payr|first3=Sabine|page=353|year=2002|isbn=978-0-262-20142-1|quote=The "Eliza effect" — the tendency for people to treat programs that respond to them as if they had more intelligence than they really do (Weizenbaum 1966) is one of the most powerful tools available to the creators of virtual characters.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTgMIhy6YZMC&pg=PA353|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref>

ELIZA convinced some users into thinking that a machine was human. This shift in human-machine interaction marked progress in technologies emulating human behavior. Two groups of chatbots are distinguished by William Meisel as "general [[personal assistant]]s" and "specialized digital assistants".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dale|first=Robert|date=September 2016|title=The return of the chatbots|journal=Natural Language Engineering|language=en|volume=22|issue=5|pages=811–817|doi=10.1017/S1351324916000243|issn=1351-3249|doi-access=free}}</ref> General digital assistants have been integrated into personal devices, with skills like sending messages, taking notes, checking calendars, and setting appointments. Specialized digital assistants "operate in very specific domains or help with very specific tasks".<ref name=":0" /> Weizenbaum considered that not every part of the human thought could be reduced to logical formalisms and that "there are some acts of thought that ought to be attempted only by humans".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1527521 |title=Computer power and human reason : from judgment to calculation |date=1976 |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company |isbn=0-7167-0464-1 |location=San Francisco, Cal. |oclc=1527521}}</ref>

When chatbots are [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphized]], they tend to portray gendered features as a way through which we establish relationships with the technology. "Gender stereotypes are instrumentalised to manage our relationship with chatbots" when human behavior is programmed into machines.<ref>[https://2018.xcoax.org/pdf/xCoAx2018-Costa.pdf Costa, Pedro. Ribas, Luisa. Conversations with ELIZA: on Gender and Artificial Intelligence. From (6th Conference on Computation, Communication, Aesthetics & X 2018) Accessed February 2021]</ref> Feminized labor, or [[women's work]], automated by anthropomorphic digital assistants reinforces an "assumption that women possess a natural affinity for service work and emotional labour".<ref>Hester, Helen. 2016. "Technology Becomes Her." New Vistas 3 (1):46-50.</ref> In defining our proximity to digital assistants through their human attributes, chatbots become gendered entities.