Editing Dundee (section)

===Early history===

While earlier evidence for human occupation is abundant,<ref>The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from the [[Mesolithic]]: {{harvnb|Mathewson|1879}}; {{harvnb|RCAHMS Canmore database: Dundee, Stannergate }}</ref> Dundee's success and growth as a seaport town arguably came as a result of [[William the Lion]]'s charter, granting Dundee to his younger brother, [[David, Earl of Huntingdon|David]] (later [[Earl of Huntingdon]]), in the late 12th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|2003|p=266 }}</ref> The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity and growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|1990|pp=20–21}}; {{harvnb|Turnock|1982|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=23–24 }}</ref> The earldom was passed down to David's descendants, amongst whom was [[John Balliol]]. The town became a [[Royal Burgh]] on John's coronation as king in 1292.<ref name="Barrow 1990 24">{{harvnb|Barrow|1990|p=24 }}</ref> The town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the [[First War of Scottish Independence|First War of Independence]] and recaptured by [[Robert the Bruce]] in early 1312.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|1965|pp=272, 374 }}</ref> The original burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=30–32, 207–208 }}</ref>

[[File:Dundee1693 JohnSlezer2.jpg|thumb|left|Dundee in 1693 by [[John Slezer]]]]

The burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the [[Rough Wooing]] of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of [[Andrew Dudley]] from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, Dudley ordered that the town be burnt to the ground.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|2009|pp=9–10}}; {{harvnb|Merriman|2000|pp=263, 292, 304, 360–361 }}</ref> In 1645, during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Marquess of Montrose]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lythe|1958|pp=27–28}}; {{harvnb|Reid|1990|pp=97–99}}; {{harvnb|Cowan|1995|pp=195–198}}; {{harvnb|Cullen|Whatley|Young|2009|pp=61–63 }}</ref> The town was finally destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]] in 1651.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=32–38}}; {{harvnb|Lythe|1958|pp=28–30}}; {{harvnb|Cullen|Whatley|Young|2009|pp=63–64 }}</ref> The town played a pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] cause when [[John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee]] raised the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] standard on the [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] in 1689.<ref>{{harvnb|Lenman|1980|p=30}}; {{harvnb|Patrick|2009|pp=85–88 }}</ref> The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, and on 6 January 1716 the Jacobite claimant to the throne, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James VIII and III]] (the Old Pretender), made a public entry into the town. Many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king.<ref>J. Baynes, ''The Jacobite Rising of 1715'' (1970), p. 166</ref>

A notable resident of Dundee was Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, [[Barony of Lundie|Baron of Lundie]] (1 July 1731 to 4 August 1804). He was born in Dundee on 1 July 1731, the son of Alexander Duncan of Lundie, Provost of Dundee. Adam was educated in Dundee and later joined the Royal Navy on board the sloop Trial. He rose to be admiral and in October 1797 defeated the Dutch fleet off Camperdown (north of Haarlem). This was seen as one of the most significant actions in naval history.<ref>Laughton, John Knox (1888). "Duncan, Adam". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 159–161</ref>