Editing Duchy of Lorraine (section)

===Duchy of Upper Lorraine===
In 953, the German king [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] had appointed his brother [[Bruno the Great]] Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the [[duchy]] into Upper and [[Lower Lorraine]]; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the ''dux Mosellanorum''.

Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only the title of a "[[Duke of Lothier]]" remained, held by [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of [[René of Anjou]], several territories had already split off, such as the [[County of Luxembourg]], the [[Electorate of Trier]], the [[Duchy of Bar|County of Bar]] and the "[[Three Bishoprics]]" of [[Prince-Bishopric of Verdun|Verdun]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Metz|Metz]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Toul|Toul]].

The border between the [[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] remained relatively stable throughout the [[Middle Ages]]. In 1301, Count [[Henry III, Count of Bar|Henry III of Bar]] had to receive the western part of his lands (''Barrois mouvant'') as a fief by King [[Philip IV of France]]. In 1475, the [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundian]] duke [[Charles the Bold]] campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 [[Battle of Nancy]]. In the 1552 [[Treaty of Chambord]], a number of insurgent [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] Imperial princes around [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony]] ceded the Three Bishoprics to King [[Henry II of France]] in turn for his support.

Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 [[Thirty Years' War]], France was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine|Charles IV]] was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles V]] (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial [[House of Habsburg]]. France returned the Duchy in the 1697 [[Treaty of Ryswick]] ending the [[Nine Years' War]] and Charles' son [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine|Leopold]] (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 [[War of the Spanish Succession]], parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the [[Château de Lunéville]].

In 1737, after the [[War of the Polish Succession]], an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], former king of [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]. He was also father-in-law to King [[Louis XV]] of France, and had recently lost out to a [[Augustus III of Poland|candidate]] backed by [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]], betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess [[Maria Theresa]], was compensated with the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], where the last [[Medici]] ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to the Habsburg possessions under the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]]. Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The ''title'' of Duke of Lorraine was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a [[Provinces of France|province]] by the French government.

{{gallery
|title=Territorial evolution of (Upper) Lorraine
|width=220
|align=center
|File:Lotharingia-959.svg
|alt1=A map of the territories of Upper and Lower Lorraine circa 1000 AD
|Lotharingia divided, around 1000&nbsp;AD<br /><small>{{legend2|#cefef2|Alsace, ceded to [[Suebia]] (Swabia) in 925}}<br />{{legend2|#f8a20c|Upper Lorraine after 928}}<br />{{legend2|#4ae57e|Lower Lorraine after 977}}</small>
|File:Lorraine 1618-1648.JPG
|alt2=
|Lorraine as it was 1618–1648
|File:Carte du duché de Lorraine.svg
|alt3=
|Map of the Duchy of Lorraine (1756), showing its somewhat dispersed communes by region of France and Germany, for the latter the English and German term for the region is [[Saarland]].
|File:Lorraine et anciennes provinces.svg
|alt4=
|Map of the Duchy of Lorraine (1756) within the modern region.
}}
{{gallery
|title=Symbols and coats of arms of Lorraine
|width=220
|align=center
|File:Croix de Lorraine.png
|[[Cross of Lorraine]], symbol of Lorraine since the 15th century
|alt1=A two-barred crucifix
|File:Herzogtum Lothringen wappen 1697.png
|alt2=The coat of arms of the Duchy of Lorraine circa 1697
|Coat of arms of the Duchy (1697)
|File:Wappen Lothringen 1703.gif
|alt3=The coat of arms of the Duchy of Lorraine circa 1703
|Full coat of arms of the Duchy, [[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]], 1703<ref>{{cite book|last=Siebmacher|first=Johann|title=Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch...|publisher=Adolph Johann Helmers|year=1703|location=Nürnberg|pages=Part I Table 6}}</ref>
}}