Editing Dravidian languages (section)

==Classification==
The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Most scholars agree on four groups:{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=19–20}}

{{tree list}}
* '''[[South Dravidian]]''' (Tamil–Tulu, or South Dravidian{{nbsp}}I){{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=21}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=56}}
** [[Tamil–Kannada languages|Tamil–Kannada]]
*** {{tree list/branching}}
**** {{tree list/branching}}
***** {{tree list/branching}}
****** {{tree list/branching}}
******* {{tree list/branching}}
******** [[Tamil languages]], including [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
******** [[Malayalam languages]], including [[Malayalam]]
******* [[Irula language|Irula]]
****** [[Kodava language|Kodava]]
***** [[Toda language|Toda]]
**** [[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
*** [[Kannada languages]], including [[Kannada]] and [[Badaga language|Badaga]]
** {{tree list/branching}}
*** [[Koraga language|Koraga]]
*** [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
*** [[Kudiya language|Kudiya]]
{{tree end}}

{{tree list}}
* '''South-Central Dravidian''' (Telugu-Kui, or South Dravidian{{nbsp}}II){{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=21}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=57}}
** {{tree list/branching}}
** [[Telugu languages]], including [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
** Gondi-Kui
*** [[Gondi languages]], including [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
*** {{tree list/branching}}
**** [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]]
**** {{tree list/branching}}
***** {{tree list/branching}}
****** [[Manda language (India)|Manda]]
****** [[Pengo language|Pengo]]
***** {{tree list/branching}}
****** [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]]
****** [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]
{{tree end}}

{{tree list}}
* '''Central Dravidian''' (Kolami–Parji){{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=21}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=57}}
** {{tree list/branching}}
*** [[Kolami language|Kolami]]
*** [[Naiki language|Naiki]]
** {{tree list/branching}}
*** Gadaba
**** [[Ollari language|Ollari]]
**** [[Kondekor language|Kondekor]]
*** [[Duruwa language|Duruwa]] (or Parji)
{{tree end}}

{{tree list}}
* '''[[North Dravidian]]''' (Brahui-Kurukh){{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=21}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=58}}
** Kurukh–Malto
*** [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (Oraon, Kisan)
*** [[Malto language|Malto]] (Kumarbhag Paharia, Sauria Paharia)
** [[Brahui language|Brahui]]
{{tree end}}
There are different proposals regarding the relationship between these groups. Earlier classifications grouped Central and South-Central Dravidian in a single branch.{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=54}} On the other hand, Krishnamurti groups South-Central and South Dravidian together.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=21, 33–34}} There are other disagreements, including whether there is a Toda-Kota branch or whether Kota diverged first and later Toda (claimed by Krishnamurti).{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=35}}

Some authors deny that North Dravidian forms a valid subgroup, splitting it into Northeast (Kurukh–Malto) and Northwest (Brahui).{{sfnp|Ruhlen|1991|pp=138–141}} Their affiliation has been proposed based primarily on a small number of common phonetic developments, including:
* In some words, *k is retracted or spirantized, shifting to {{IPA|/x/}} in Kurukh and Brahui, {{IPA|/q/}} in Malto.
* In some words, *c is retracted to {{IPA|/k/}}.
* Word-initial *v develops to {{IPA|/b/}}. This development is, however, also found in several other Dravidian languages, including Kannada, Kodagu and Tulu.
McAlpin (2003) notes that no exact conditioning can be established for the first two changes, and proposes that distinct Proto-Dravidian *q and *kʲ should be reconstructed behind these correspondences, and that Brahui, Kurukh-Malto, and the rest of Dravidian may be three coordinate branches, possibly with Brahui being the earliest language to split off. A few morphological parallels between Brahui and Kurukh-Malto are also known, but according to McAlpin they are analysable as shared archaisms rather than shared innovations.<ref>{{cite journal|first=David W.|last=McAlpin|title=Velars, Uvulars and the Northern Dravidian hypothesis|year=2003|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=123 |issue=3|pages=521–546|doi=10.2307/3217749|jstor=3217749}}</ref>

In addition, ''[[Glottolog]]'' lists several unclassified Dravidian languages: [[Kumbaran language|Kumbaran]], [[Kakkala language|Kakkala]] (both of Tamil-Malayalam) and [[Khirwar language|Khirwar]].

A computational phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family was undertaken by Kolipakam, et al. (2018).<ref name=Kolipakam>{{cite journal |last1=Kolipakam |first1=Vishnupriya |last2=Jordan |first2=Fiona M. |last3=Dunn |first3=Michael |last4=Greenhill |first4=Simon J. |last5=Bouckaert |first5=Remco |last6=Gray |first6=Russell D. |last7=Verkerk |first7=Annemarie |title=A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=21 March 2018 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=171504 |doi=10.1098/rsos.171504 |pmid=29657761 |pmc=5882685 |bibcode=2018RSOS....571504K }}</ref> They support the internal coherence of the four Dravidian branches South (or South Dravidian I), South-Central (or South Dravidian II), Central, and North, but is uncertain about the precise relationships of these four branches to each other. The date of Dravidian is estimated to be 4,500 years old.<ref name=Kolipakam/>