Editing Draugr (section)

=== Dictionaries ===
One of the earliest dictionaries for draugr, or rather its descendants, was Swedish linguist and priest [[Johan Ernst Rietz]]'s (1815–1868) dialect dictionary of Swedish vernacular (1862–1867), which listed the Swedish descendants of Old Norse {{lang|non|draugr}} as {{lang|sv|dröger}} and {{lang|sv|drög}} (compare {{langx|is|draugur}} vs {{lang|sv|dröger}}, {{langx|no|draug}} vs {{lang|sv|drög}}), including the archaic form {{lang|sv|draugr}} in the province of [[Närke]]. He also included Norwegian {{lang|no|draug}}, {{lang|no|drauv}} and {{lang|no|drog}} for comparison, giving the definition for both Swedish and Norwegian as:

{{quote|"pale, powerless, slow human, striding forward", alternatively just "ghost or undead".<ref name="JER102">{{cite book |last1=Rietz |first1=Johan Ernst |author1-link=Johan Ernst Rietz |title=Svenskt dialektlexikon: ordbok öfver svenska allmogespråket |date=1862–1867 |location=Sweden |page=102 |url=https://runeberg.org/dialektl/0132.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |language=sv }}</ref>}}

Around the same time, although published a few years later, English philologist [[Richard Cleasby]] (1797–1847), and Icelandic scholar [[Guðbrandur Vigfússon]] (1827–1889), in "An Icelandic-English dictionary" (1873), defined Old Norse {{lang|is|draugr}} (old form to {{lang|is|draugur}}) as:

{{quote|"a ghost, spirit, especially the dead inhabitant of a [[cairn]]".<ref name=cleasby-vigfusson>Cleasby; Vigfusson edd. (1974) ''An Icelandic-English dictionary''. s. v. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NTVoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103 draugr]</ref>}}

This description was repeated almost word for word by Icelandic linguist [[Geir T. Zoëga]] (1857-1928), in his book "A concise dictionary of old Icelandic" (1910).<ref name="Zoëga 1910">{{cite book |title=A concise dictionary of Old Icelandic |date=1911 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}}</ref>

Norwegian journalist, author, and editor [[Johan Christian Johnsen]] (1815–1898), in his Norwegian dictionary (1881–1888), gave a different, more specific definition for Norwegian {{lang|no|draug}} than Rietz did in the 1860s, defining it as:

{{quote|"(really a revenant) in Norwegian folk superstition, a supernatural being that dwells on and by the sea. It appears most frequently as a man dressed in sea clothes with a bundle of seaweed instead of a head, sailing in half a boat, always proclaiming that the person or someone from the boat to whom it appears will perish".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnsen |first1=Johan Christian |author1-link=Johan Christian Johnsen |title=Norsk Haandlexikon |date=1881–1888 |location=Norway |page=391 |url=https://runeberg.org/haandlex/1/0391.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |language=no |chapter=A-J}}</ref>}}