Editing Douglas McGregor (section)

==''The Human Side of Enterprise''==

In the book ''The Human Side of Enterprise'', McGregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and self-control, which he called [[theory X and theory Y]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> respectively. Having an attitude that workers generally lack motivation, enjoyment, and responsibility in their work is a manager that subscribes to Theory X. Having an attitude that workers are content, motivated, and long for responsibility is manager that subscribes to Theory Y.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carson |first=Charles M. |date=March 2005 |title=A historical view of Douglas McGregor's Theory Y |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00251740510589814/full/html |journal=Management Decision |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=450–460 |doi=10.1108/00251740510589814 |issn=0025-1747}}</ref> He is responsible for breaking down previous management styles with The X and Y Theory which created a new role for managers to assume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kopelman|first1=Richard E.|last2=Prottas|first2=David J.|last3=Davis|first3=Anne L.|date=2008|title=Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Y: Toward a Construct-valid Measure|journal=Journal of Managerial Issues|volume=20|issue=2|pages=255–271|jstor=40604607|issn=1045-3695}}</ref> Theory Y is the practical application of Dr. [[Abraham Maslow]]'s Humanistic School of Psychology, or Third Force psychology, applied to scientific management.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2008/10/06/theories-x-and-y|title=Theories X and Y|date=2008-10-06|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-12-18|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> He is commonly thought of as being a ''proponent'' of Theory Y, but, as [[Edgar Schein]] tells in his introduction to McGregor's subsequent, posthumous (1967), book ''The Professional Manager:'' "In my own contacts with Doug, I often found him to be discouraged by the degree to which theory Y had become as monolithic a set of principles as those of Theory X, the over-generalization which Doug was fighting....Yet few readers were willing to acknowledge that the content of Doug's book made such a neutral point or that Doug's own presentation of his point of view was that coldly scientific".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldcOQAAACAAJ|title=The Professional Manager|last1=McGregor|first1=Douglas|last2=Bennis|first2=Warren G.|last3=McGregor|first3=Caroline|date=1970|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-094191-5|language=en}}</ref>

[[Graham Cleverley]] in ''Managers & Magic'' (Longman's, 1971) comments: "...he coined the two terms [[Theory X and theory Y]] and used them to label two sets of beliefs a manager might hold about the origins of human behaviour. He pointed out that the manager's own behaviour would be largely determined by the particular beliefs that he subscribed to....McGregor hoped that his book would lead managers to investigate the two sets of beliefs, invent others, test out the assumptions underlying them, and develop managerial strategies that made sense in terms of those tested views of reality.
"But that isn't what happened. Instead McGregor was interpreted as advocating Theory Y as a new and superior ethic – a set of moral values that ''ought'' to replace the values managers usually accept."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i_WydvqCawC&q=managers+and+magic|title=Managers and magic|last=Cleverley|first=Graham|date=1971|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-10376-4|language=en}}</ref>

''The Human Side of Enterprise'' was voted the fourth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the [[Academy of Management]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Bedeian |first1= Arthur G. |last2= Wren |first2= Daniel A. |author-link1= Arthur G. Bedeian |author-link2= Daniel A. Wren |date= Winter 2001 |title= Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century |journal= Organizational Dynamics |volume= 29 |issue= 3 |pages= 221–225 |doi= 10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5 |url= http://www.bus.lsu.edu/bedeian/articles/MostInfluentialBooks-OD2001.pdf |access-date= 2012-05-05 |archive-date= 2015-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151017015937/http://www.bus.lsu.edu/bedeian/articles/MostInfluentialBooks-OD2001.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>