Editing Doll (section)

===Industrial era===
During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of [[porcelain]] and combined with a body of leather, cloth, wood, or [[composite material]]s, such as [[papier-mâché]] or [[Composition doll|composition]], a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.<ref name="aboutbisque" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingglossary/g/composition.htm?rd=1|title=Glossary of Doll Collecting Terms – Composition|author=Van Patten, Denise |work=About.com Home|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216001057/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingglossary/g/composition.htm?rd=1|archive-date=16 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the advent of [[polymer]] and [[plastic]] materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass-produced at a lower price. The earliest materials were [[rubber]] and [[celluloid]]. From the mid-20th century, soft [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] became the dominant material, in particular for children's dolls.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=81–83}}</ref><ref name="aboutvinyl">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/vinyldolls.htm|title=Vinyl Dolls|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=17 June 2011|archive-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923053424/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/vinyldolls.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market. [[Synthetic resin]]s such as [[polyurethane]] resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.
[[File:Balljointed bisque head doll.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Bisque-head German doll with glass eyes and ball-jointed [[Composition doll|composition]] body, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1920]]
Colloquially the terms ''porcelain doll'', ''bisque doll'' and ''china doll'' are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction between [[china doll]]s, made of glazed [[porcelain]], and [[bisque doll]]s, made of unglazed bisque or [[biscuit porcelain]]. A typical antique china doll has a white [[Ceramic glaze|glazed]] porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made of [[Textile|cloth]] or [[leather]]. The name comes from ''china'' being used to refer to the material porcelain. They were [[Mass production|mass-produced]] in [[Germany]], peaking in popularity between 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions.<ref name=coleman>{{Cite book | last = Coleman| first = Dorothy S., Elizabeth A., and Evelyn Jk.| contribution = China Head Dolls| title = The Collector's Encyclopaedia of Dolls Volume One| pages = 118–134| publisher = Robert Hale | place = London | year = 1968| isbn = 978-0-7090-5598-3 }}</ref><ref name="aboutintro">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/chinadolls.htm?rd=1|title=An Introduction to China Doll Collecting|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=25 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825122634/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/chinadolls.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abouthistory2">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/library/weekly/aa033199.htm?rd=1|title=A Brief History of Antique Dolls, Part II|work=About.com Doll Collecting|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004653/http://collectdolls.about.com/library/weekly/aa033199.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parian doll]]s were also made in Germany, from around 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to china dolls but the head is not dipped in [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]] and has a matte finish.<ref>Krombholz, Mary Groham, ''German Parian Dolls'', 2006, Reverie Publishing, p. 7</ref> [[Bisque doll]]s are characterized by their realistic, skin-like [[Gloss (material appearance)|matte]] finish. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were often made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made directly for the collectors market.<ref name="aboutbisque">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/bisquedolls.htm?rd=1|title=Introduction to Bisque and Porcelain Dolls|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075133/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/bisquedolls.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abouthistory2" /><ref name="christopher">{{Cite book|last= Christopher |first= Catherine |title= The complete book of doll making and collecting |publisher= [[Dover Publications]] |year= 1971 |pages=187–190 |isbn= 978-0-486-22066-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nerxX-ZBRloC&pg=PA187 | access-date=8 February 2010}}</ref>   Realistic, lifelike [[wax]] dolls were popular in [[Victorian era|Victorian England]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=pp39}}</ref>

Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850.<ref name="abouthistory2" /><ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=45}}</ref> But, by the late 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.<ref name="abouthistory2" /> By about 1920, baby dolls typically were made of composition with a cloth body. The hair, eyes, and mouth were painted. A voice box was sewn into the body that cried ma-ma when the doll was tilted, giving them the name Mama dolls. During 1923, 80% of all dolls sold to children in the United States were Mama dolls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mama dolls 19181940+ |url=https://www.dollreference.com/mama_dolls.html |website=Doll Reference |access-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=no indication of author or publisher|date=September 2022}}

[[File:Norma-DOLLS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paper doll]] portraying actress [[Norma Talmadge]] and some of her film costumes, 1919]]
[[Paper dolls]] are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto the dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century [[ballerina]] paper dolls were among the earliest [[celebrity doll]]s. The 1930s [[Shirley Temple]] doll sold millions and was one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloid [[Kewpie doll]]s, based on illustrations by [[Rose O'Neill]], were popular in the early 20th century. [[Alexander Doll Company|Madame Alexander]] created the first collectible doll based on a licensed character – [[Scarlett O'Hara]] from ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine|title=Most Popular Toys of the Last 100 Years: Madame Alexander Collectible Dolls|url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/12/01/cx_lh_1202featlide_3.html|magazine=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204043852/https://www.forbes.com/2005/12/01/cx_lh_1202featlide_3.html|archive-date=December 4, 2005|access-date=24 December 2009}}</ref>

Contemporary [[dollhouse]]s have their roots in European ''baby house'' display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, following the [[Industrial Revolution]] and [[World War II]], they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made of [[Tin toy|tin litho]], plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.

The earliest modern [[stuffed toy]]s were made in 1880. They differ from earlier [[rag doll]]s in that they are made of plush fur-like fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans.<ref name="kidstuff">{{cite book |title=Kids' Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood |author=Cross, Gary S. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |pages=93–94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIh7TSazQLoC&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-0-674-50335-9}}</ref> [[Teddy bear]]s first appeared in 1902–1903.<ref name="kidstuff" /><ref name="LoC">{{cite web| url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/roosevelt/aa_roosevelt_bears_1.html| title=Teddy Bears| publisher=Library Of Congress| access-date=10 December 2007}}</ref>

[[Black doll]]s have been designed to resemble dark-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals. [[Rag doll]]s made by American [[slave]]s served as playthings for slave children. [[Golliwogg]] was a children's book rag doll character in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as an [[Stereotypes of African Americans|anti-black caricature]].<ref name=JimCrow>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferris.edu/JIMCROW/golliwog/|title=JCM: The Golliwog Caricature|work=ferris.edu}}</ref> Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.
[[File:Barbie 1959 First Editions dolls.jpg|thumb|The first [[Barbie]] fashion doll from 1959]][[Fashion doll]]s are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect [[fashion]] trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French [[bisque doll]]s from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made of [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]]. [[Barbie]], from the American toy company [[Mattel]], dominated the market from her inception in 1959.<ref name="wsj2003">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4jIwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1822,975790 |title=Volley of the Dolls |date=19 July 2003 |work=The Wall Street Journal via Reading Eagle |access-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> [[Bratz]] was the first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.<ref name=Talbot>{{cite magazine |first=Margaret|last=Talbot|authorlink= Margaret Talbot|title=Little hotties: Barbie's new rivals |url=http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/little_hotties_4487 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130030153/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/little_hotties_4487 |archive-date=30 November 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Plastic [[action figure]]s, often representing [[superhero]]es, are primarily marketed to boys.<ref>Louie, Elaine (31 May 1990) [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/garden/currents-old-soldiers-never-die.html Old Soldiers Never Die], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a [[media franchise]] that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise. [[Bobblehead]] dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A370126|title=h2g2 – Nodding Dogs – Edited Entry|date=2 January 2012|work=BBC}}</ref> in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.