Editing Doge of Venice (section)

===Dukes of Dalmatia and Croatia===
After defeating [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] and conquering some Dalmatian territory in 1000, Doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]] adopted the title {{lang|la|dux Dalmatiae}}, 'Duke of Dalmatia',<ref>[[Thomas F. Madden]], ''Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 5.</ref> or in its fuller form, {{lang|la|Veneticorum atque Dalmaticorum dux}}, 'Duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians'.{{sfn|Fine|2006|p=40}}

This title was recognised by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] in 1002.<ref>Horatio F. Brown, "The Venetians and the Venetian Quarter in Constantinople to the Close of the Twelfth Century", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 40, 1 (1920), p. 70.</ref> After a Venetian request, it was confirmed by the Byzantine emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] in 1082. In a [[Byzantine–Venetian Treaty of 1082|chrysobull dated that year]], Alexios granted the Venetian doge the imperial title of {{Transliteration|el|protosebastos}}, and recognised him as imperial {{Transliteration|el|doux}} over the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian theme]].<ref name=MaddenJMH>Thomas F. Madden, "The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The Date and the Debate", ''Journal of Medieval History'' 28 (2002), pp. 23–41.</ref>

The expression {{lang|la|[[Dei gratia]]}} ('by the grace of God') was adopted consistently by the Venetian chancery only in the course of the eleventh century.<ref>Maurizio Viroli, ''As If God Existed: Religion and Liberty in the History of Italy'' (Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 31.</ref> An early example, however, can be found in 827–29, during the joint reign of Justinian and his brother [[Giovanni I Participazio|John I]]: {{lang|la|per divinam gratiam Veneticorum provinciae duces}}, 'by divine grace dukes of the Venetian provinces'.<ref name=Hazlitt/>

Between 1091 and 1102, the [[King of Hungary]] acquired the Croatian kingdom in [[Croatia in union with Hungary|a personal union]]. In these circumstances, the Venetians appealed to the Byzantine emperor for recognition of their title to Croatia (like Dalmatia, a former Byzantine subject). Perhaps as early as the reign of [[Vital Falier]] (d. 1095), and certainly by that of [[Vitale I Michiel|Vital Michiel]] (d. 1102), the title {{lang|la|dux Croatiae}} had been added, giving the full dogal title four parts: {{lang|la|dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos}}, 'Duke of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia and Imperial ''Protosebastos'''.<ref name=MaddenJMH/> In the fourteenth century, the doges periodically objected to the use of Dalmatia and Croatia in the Hungarian king's titulature, regardless of their own territorial rights or claims.{{sfn|Fine|2006|p=112}} Later medieval chronicles mistakenly attributed the acquisition of the Croatian title to Doge [[Ordelaf Falier]] (d. 1117).<ref>Suzanne Mariko Miller, ''Venice in the East Adriatic: Experiences and Experiments in Colonial Rule in Dalmatia and Istria (c. 1150–1358)'', PhD diss. (Stanford University, 2007), p. 129.</ref>

According to the ''Venetiarum Historia'', written around 1350, Doge [[Domenico Morosini]] added {{lang|la|atque Ystrie dominator}} ('and lord of Istria') to his title after forcing [[Pula]] on [[Istria]] to submit in 1150. Only one charter, however, actually uses a title similar to this: {{lang|la|et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori}} (1153).<ref name=Lazzarini>Vittorio Lazzarini, [https://archive.org/stream/NuovoArchivioVenetoNs5/Nuovo_archivio_veneto_ns_5#page/n275 "I titoli dei Dogi de Venezia"], ''Nuovo archivio veneto, Ser. NS'' 5 (1903), pp. 271–313.</ref>