Editing Dili (section)

===Destruction, reconstruction, and Indonesian rule===
[[File:1943-02-18 AERIAL VIEW OF A JAPANESE TRANSPORT SHIP IN THE HARBOUR OF DILI.JPG|thumb|A Japanese ship off Dili in 1943]]
During [[World War II]], [[Portugal during World War II|Portugal]] and its colonies remained neutral, but the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] saw East Timor as a potential target for Japanese invasion. Upon the outbreak of the [[Pacific War]] in 1941, Australian and Dutch troops were sent to Dili despite Portuguese objections.<ref name="Levi1946">{{cite journal |last1=Levi |first1=Werner |title=Portuguese Timor and the War |journal=Far Eastern Survey |date=17 July 1946 |volume=15 |issue=14 |pages=221–223 |doi=10.2307/3023062 |jstor=3023062 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023062 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023150749/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023062 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, the Japanese invaded Dili as part of a two-pronged [[Battle of Timor|invasion of Timor]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frei |first1=Henry P. |title=Japan's reluctant decision to occupy Portuguese Timor, 1 January 1942 - 20 February 1942 |journal=Australian Historical Studies |date=1996 |volume=27 |pages=298–299 |doi=10.1080/10314619608596014 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314619608596014}}</ref> The city had been mostly abandoned prior to the invasion,<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|12}} and allied forces retreated further into the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/newsroom/media-centre/media-backgrounders/timor-leste-second-world-war |title=Timor-Leste – Second World War |publisher=Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628163300/https://www.dva.gov.au/newsroom/media-centre/media-backgrounders/timor-leste-second-world-war |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/debt-of-honour/battles-timor |title=The Battles for Timor |publisher=Western Australian Museum |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713155418/http://museum.wa.gov.au/debt-of-honour/battles-timor |url-status=live }}</ref> The Japanese left the Portuguese governor nominally in position, but took over administration. Much of Dili was destroyed during the war,<ref name="Levi1946"/> from the initial Japanese invasion and from later allied bombings.<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|12}} Japanese forces on the island of Timor surrendered to Australian forces at the end of the war.<ref name="Levi1946"/> Following the surrender, an Australian official travelled to Dili where on 23 September 1945 he informed the Portuguese governor of the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/learn/learning-resources/learning-resource-themes/war/world-war-ii/surrender-japanese-timor-area-world-war-ii |title=Surrender of the Japanese in the Timor area, World War II |publisher=National Archives of Australia |date=2010 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160938/https://www.naa.gov.au/learn/learning-resources/learning-resource-themes/war/world-war-ii/surrender-japanese-timor-area-world-war-ii |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dili 1943.jpg|thumb|alt=Map showing Dili's urban area not reaching the Comoro river|Dili in the 1940s was what today is the old city]]
Following the Second World War, Dili covered what today is the old core of the city, within the sucos of Acadiru Hun, Bemori, Bidau Lecidere, Caicoli, Colmera, Culu Hun, Gricenfor, Motael, and Santa Cruz.<ref name="JICA2016">{{cite web |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12268603.pdf |title=The Project for Study on Dili Urban Master Plan in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency |date=October 2016 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184610/https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12268603.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|3–1}} Portuguese Timor became a full part of Following the initial post-war reconstruction of Dili's immediately critical infrastructure, an urban plan was developed in 1951 covering urban layout, road development, zoning, and building regulations.<ref name="Miranda2015"/>{{rp|18, 53}} The plan envisioned separate neighbourhoods for Europeans, mestiços, Chinese, Arabs, and Timorese, and assumed there would be further rural-urban migration. Both this plan and later revisions in 1968 and 1972 assumed that the Timorese population would live on the edges of the city yet work near the centre.<ref name="Scambary2021"/>{{rp|280–281}} This plan was not completed, and the city remained under-developed,<ref name="Miranda2015"/>{{rp|18, 53}} with low density and where property outside of the central area was still built on with flimsy materials and used for subsistence cultivation.<ref name="Miranda2015"/>{{rp|56}} The second five-year development plan, which ran from 1959 to 1964, saw the reconstruction of the Port of Dili and a small amount of transport infrastructure.<ref name="Weatherbee1966"/>{{rp|687}} 

A 1950 census found that the population of Dili was about 6,000 people, half 'civilised' (considered by Portuguese authorities to have sufficiently adopted Portuguese culture), including ''[[Mestiço]]'', 'civilised' natives, Europeans, and other foreigners such as [[Goa]]ns and those from Portugal's African colonies. This was slightly over 1% of the total population of the colony.<ref name="Miranda2015"/>{{rp|56}}<ref name="Weatherbee1966"/>{{rp|684}} The 1960 census recorded the population of Dili to be about 7,000 people.<ref name="Weatherbee1966"/>{{rp|684}} By 1970, the urban population reached around 17,000.<ref name="Miranda2015"/>{{rp|56}} The city did not extend far beyond the area surrounding the port, and the population did not exceed 30,000 before 1975.<ref name="Scambary2021"/>{{rp|283–284}} 

[[File:Dili 1965.jpg|thumb|alt=Map showing Dili remaining constrained to today's old core|1965 map of Dili]]
Portuguese Timor became a full part of Portugal in 1951, although despite being made citizens of Portugal this did not bring the locals any political power. Governance remained in the control of Lisbon. The Portuguese Overseas Organic Law of 1963 created the first Legislative Council of the territory, which was given some of the powers formerly held by the governor. It also theoretically extended voting rights to the 'uncivilised', although property and tax requirements meant most were still unable to vote.<ref name="Weatherbee1966"/>{{rp|686–687}}

The 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] in Portugal created immediate change in East Timor, with new political parties forming with the goal of independence from Portugal. Relationships between these new parties was fractious. Some, particularly the [[Timorese Democratic Union]] (UDT), advocated union with Indonesia.<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|13}} On 11 August 1975, the UDT initiated a coup.<ref name="Berlie2017"/>{{rp|17}} UDT control was limited outside of Dili, and on 20 August the opposing [[Fretilin]] party began its attempt to seize the city. Some houses were set on fire to assist the defence; however, after some days Fretilin succeeded in taking control of the city.<ref name="Kammem2015">{{cite book |last1=Kammen |first1=Douglas |title=Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor |date=20 August 2015 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813574127 |pages=124–125, 130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGZ0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140756/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGZ0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mário Lemos Pires|last Portuguese governor]] fled Dili for [[Atauro Island]] on 26 August, as [[East Timorese civil war|the civil war]] continued.<ref name="Berlie2017"/>{{rp|6}}<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|13}} On 28 November, Fretilin declared independence in a ceremony in Dili. On 7 December, Indonesia [[Battle of Dili|landed paratroopers in the city and amphibious forces to its west]], as part of an [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invasion of East Timor]],<ref name="Kammem2015"/> leading many to flee the city.<ref name="ICG2010">{{cite web |url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b110-managing-land-conflict-in-timor-leste.pdf |title=Managing Land Conflict in Timor-Leste |publisher=International Crisis Group |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721103322/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b110-managing-land-conflict-in-timor-leste.pdf |url-status=live }}<!--from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/timor-leste/managing-land-conflict-timor-leste--></ref>{{rp|3}}

[[File:Monument, Jardim 5 de Maio, Dili, 2018 (01).jpg|thumb|left|The integration monument was built by Indonesian authorities to celebrate freedom from European rule]]
This invasion brought the territory under Indonesian rule. On 17 July 1976, Indonesia annexed East Timor, which it designated its [[East Timor (Indonesian province)|27th province]].<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|18}} Indonesia continued to administer the territory from Dili, continuing formerly Portuguese use of places such as the [[Balide Comarca]] prison and [[Lahane Hospital]].<ref name="Hearman2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/remembering-terror-and-activism-city |title=Remembering terror and activism in the city |author=Vannessa Hearman |publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies |date=Summer 2019 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> Despite Indonesian attempts to restrict rural-urban migration, the population of Dili continued to grow, reaching 80,000 people in 1985, and over 100,000 in 1999, and economic growth for the territory remained centred in Dili.<ref name="Moxham">{{cite web |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57417/WP32.2.pdf |title=State-Making and the Post-Conflict City: Integration in Dili, Disintegration in Timor-Leste |last=Moxham |first=Ben |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |issn=1749-1800 |date=February 2008 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625161614/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57417/WP32.2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8–9}} Part of the internal migration was due to people fleeing the continuing conflict in rural areas.<ref name="Scambary2021"/>{{rp|283}}<ref name="Hearman2019"/> Indonesia developed the city's infrastructure, partly as an attempt to win over the population. Structures and monuments built during this time include the [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Dili|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]], the Integration Statue commemorating the end of Portuguese rule, and the ''[[Cristo Rei of Dili]]''.<ref name="DeGiosa2019">{{cite journal |last1=De Giosa |first1=Pierpaolo |title=Commemorating The Santa Cruz Massavre in Dili, Timor-Leste |journal=Visual Ethnography |date=2019 |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://vejournal.org/index.php/vejournal/article/view/192 |issn=2281-1605 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628162512/http://vejournal.org/index.php/vejournal/article/view/192 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|84}} Nonetheless, many in the city continued to support the Fretilin-led resistance, providing a communications link between the rebels and the rest of the world, and setting up safe houses in the city. Others who supported Indonesian rule became informants, known as ''mau'hu''.<ref name="Hearman2019"/> By the 1990s, urban sprawl had taken up much of the available flat land around the original settlement.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|3–1}}

In the 1980s, resistance to Indonesian rule grew among youth in the city.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|10}} Nonetheless, towards the end of the decade Indonesia began allowing foreign tourists access to the city, with the entire province previously being restricted.<ref name="Adams2013"/>{{rp|52}} A visit by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1989 was interrupted by independence activists.<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|14}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/homilies/1989/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19891012_dili.html |title=Holy Mass at Tasi-Toli in Dili |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723084148/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/homilies/1989/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19891012_dili.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 November 1991, Indonesian forces were filmed [[Santa Cruz massacre|shooting at a funeral procession]]. This led to global condemnation of Indonesia's rule in East Timor, increasing pressure for East Timorese self-determination.<ref name="Berlie2017"/>{{rp|17–18}} The [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] along with a drought related to an [[El Niño]] event led to profound food insecurity, worse for Dili than any other city in Indonesia. The crisis also precipitated the [[Fall of Suharto|resignation of Indonesian President Suharto]], whose successor, [[B. J. Habibie]], soon approved a referendum on East Timorese independence.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|10}} Outbreaks of violence from pro-Indonesian militia occurred throughout the country in the months leading up to the vote.<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|15}} In August 1999, East Timor [[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|voted for independence]].<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|10}}

[[File:Landsat dili lrg.jpg|thumb|Fires burning in Dili on 8 September 1999, during [[1999 East Timorese crisis|a period of violence]] following the [[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|independence referendum]]]]

The vote led to a [[1999 East Timorese crisis|period of extreme violence]], as pro-Indonesian militia were unchecked by the Indonesian military that was meant to be providing security. On 4 September, when the result was announced, Indonesian police began to leave Dili.<ref name="Shah2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.international.ucla.edu/apc/article/53444 |title=Records of East Timor, 1999 |last=Shah |first=Angilee |publisher=UCLA Asia Pacific Center |date=21 September 2006 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629153647/https://www.international.ucla.edu/apc/article/53444 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first 48 hours, international media organisations present in the city reported 145 deaths. Most foreigners were evacuated.<ref name="Carter2001"/>{{rp|17}} Violence continued for several days,<ref name="Shah2006"/> causing significant damage to infrastructure and housing in the city.<ref name="Berlie2017"/>{{rp|19}}<ref name="Vitor2015">{{cite book |last=Vitor |first=Antonio |editor1-last=Ingram |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Kent |editor2-first=Lia |editor3-last=McWilliam |editor3-first=Andrew |title=A New Era?: Timor-Leste after the UN |date=17 September 2015 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781925022513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |chapter=Progress and Challenges of Infrastructure Spending in Timor-Leste |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140720/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|103}} Administrative buildings were looted,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.minesurveyors.com.au/files/members/2002SeminarPapers/MilitarySurveyors-RAE7.pdf |title=The Military Land Surveyor in an Operational Environment, East Timor |last1=Miller |first1=Barry |last2=Carroll |first2=Michael |publisher=Australian Institute of Mining Surveyors |date=May 2002 |access-date=21 July 2021 |page=3 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721143850/https://www.minesurveyors.com.au/files/members/2002SeminarPapers/MilitarySurveyors-RAE7.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and much of the city was destroyed by fire. 120,000 people became refugees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/genocide_in_east_timor_gps_workingpaperno.33.pdf |title=Violence by Fire in East Timor, September 8, 1999 |last=Schimmer |first=Russell |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629153657/https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/genocide_in_east_timor_gps_workingpaperno.33.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> International pressure grew for an international peacekeeping force to replace the Indonesian military, which Indonesia agreed to on 12 September. On 14 September, the UN evacuated refugees that had been sheltering in its Dili compound to Australia. The Australian-led [[International Force East Timor]] arrived on 20 September.<ref name="Shah2006"/>