Editing Diaspora (section)

===Scholarly work and expanding definition===
[[File:Chinatownsyd.jpg|thumb|The [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese diaspora]] is the world's third largest; [[Torana#Paifang in China|Paifang]] ([[Torana|torna]]) gateway at [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney Chinatown]] in [[Australia]].]][[William Safran]] in an article published in 1991,{{sfn|Safran|1991|pp=83–99}} set out six rules to distinguish diasporas from migrant communities. These included criteria that the group maintains a myth or [[collective memory]] of their homeland; they regard their ancestral homeland as their true home, to which they will eventually [[Return migration|return]]; being committed to the restoration or maintenance of that homeland, and they relate "personally or vicariously" to the homeland to a point where it shapes their identity.{{sfn|Brubaker|2005|p=5}}{{sfn|Weinar|2010|p=75}}{{sfn|Cohen|2008|p=6}} Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora.{{sfn|Cohen|2008|p=4}}  Safran also included a criterion of having been forced into exile by political or economic factors, followed by a long period of settlement in the new host culture.{{sfn|Safran|1991|pp=83–84}} In 1997, [[Robin Cohen]] argued that a diasporic group could leave its homeland voluntarily, and assimilate deeply into host cultures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Cohen |date=1997 |title=Global Diasporas |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |doi=10.4324/9780203928943 |page=6|isbn=9781134077953 }}<!--There is a newer edition cited elsewhere in this article, but the page numbers may not match.--></ref>

[[Rogers Brubaker]] (2005) more inclusively applied three basic definitional criteria: First, geographic dispersion (voluntary or forced) of a people; second, "the orientation to a real or imagined 'homeland' as an authoritative source of value, identity and loyalty"; and third, maintenance of a social boundary corresponding to the conservation of a distinctive diasporic identity which differs from the host culture.{{sfn|Brubaker|2005|pp=5–6}} Brubaker also noted that the use of the term ''diaspora'' has been widening. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space".{{sfn|Brubaker|2005|p=3}} Brubaker used the [[WorldCat]] database to show that 17 out of the 18 books on diaspora published between 1900 and 1910 were on the Jewish diaspora. The majority of works in the 1960s were also about the Jewish diaspora, but in 2002 only two out of 20 books sampled (out of a total of 253) were about the Jewish case, with a total of eight different diasporas covered.{{sfn|Brubaker|2005|p=14}}

Brubaker outlined the original use of the term ''diaspora'' as follows:{{sfn|Brubaker|2005|p=2}}

{{blockquote|Most early discussions of the diaspora were firmly rooted in a conceptual 'homeland'; they were concerned with a paradigmatic case, or a small number of core cases. The paradigmatic case was, of course, the Jewish diaspora; some dictionary definitions of diaspora, until recently, did not simply illustrate but defined the word with reference to that case.}}

[[File:Armenian dancers in downtown Manhattan, 1976.jpg|thumb|[[Armenian Americans|Armenian American]] dancers in [[New York City]]]]
Some observers have labeled evacuation from [[New Orleans]] and the [[Gulf Coast]] in the wake of [[Hurricane Katrina]] the [[New Orleans diaspora]], since a significant number of evacuees have not been able to return, yet maintain aspirations to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/katrina-evacuees-economic-impact-new-homes-destinations/19614294/ |title=The Economic Impact of the 'Katrina Diaspora' |first=Bruce |last=Kennedy |work=Daily Finance |date=31 August 2010 |access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4203360.stm |title=Katrina scatters a grim diaspora |first=Will |last=Walden |work=BBC News |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Agnieszka Weinar (2010) notes the widening use of the term, arguing that recently, "a growing body of literature succeeded in reformulating the definition, framing diaspora as almost any ''population'' on the move and no longer referring to the specific ''context'' of their existence".{{sfn|Weinar|2010|p=75}} It has even been noted that as charismatic Christianity becomes increasingly globalized, many Christians conceive of themselves as a diaspora, and form a bond that mimics salient features of some ethnic diasporas.<ref>{{cite web |last=McAlister |first=Elizabeth |title=Listening for Geographies |url= http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_mcalister/28/ |publisher=Routledge |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130523040900/http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_mcalister/28/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Professional communities of individuals no longer in their homeland can also be considered diaspora. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burns|first=William|title=The Potential of Science Diasporas|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=9 December 2013|volume=2|issue=4|url= http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2013/potential-science-diasporas}}</ref> and [[trading diaspora]]s are communities of merchant aliens. In an article published in 1996, [[Khachig Tölölyan]]{{sfn|Tölölyan|1996|pages=3–36}} argues that the media have used the term corporate diaspora in a rather arbitrary and inaccurate fashion, for example as applied to "mid-level, mid-career executives who have been forced to find new places at a time of corporate upheaval" (10) The use of [[corporate diaspora]] reflects the increasing popularity of the diaspora notion to describe a wide range of phenomena related to contemporary migration, displacement and transnational mobility. While corporate diaspora seems to avoid or contradict connotations of violence, coercion, and unnatural uprooting historically associated with the notion of diaspora, its scholarly use may heuristically describe the ways in which corporations function alongside diasporas. In this way, corporate diaspora might foreground the racial histories of diasporic formations without losing sight of the cultural logic of [[late capitalism]] in which corporations orchestrate the transnational circulation of people, images, ideologies and capital.

In contemporary times, scholars have classified the different kinds of diasporas based on their causes, such as [[Colonial diaspora|colonialism]], [[Trading diaspora|trade/labour migrations]], or the social coherence which exists within the diaspora communities and their ties to the ancestral lands. With greater migration flows through the world in modern times, the concept of a secondary diaspora (a new diaspora branching out of a previous diaspora) or sub-diaspora groupings has started being studied.<ref>[https://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/30_3_PDFs/IJFM_30_3-Rynkiewich.pdf Mission in “the Present Time”: What about the People in Diaspora?]  Michael A. Rynkiewich</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Délano Alonso |first1=Alexandra |last2=Mylonas |first2=Harris |date=2019-03-12 |title=The microfoundations of diaspora politics: unpacking the state and disaggregating the diaspora |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=473–491 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160 |issn=1369-183X}}</ref> Some diaspora communities maintain strong cultural and political ties to their homelands. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return to the ancestral lands, maintaining any form of ties with the region of origin as well as relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the new host countries. Diasporas often maintain ties to the country of their historical affiliation and usually influence their current host country's policies towards their homeland. "Diaspora management" is a term that [[Harris Mylonas]] has "re-conceptualized to describe both the policies that states follow in order to build links with their diaspora abroad and the policies designed to help with the incorporation and integration of diasporic communities when they 'return' home".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mylonas |first=Harris |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/hmylonas_the_politics_of_diaspora_management_in_the_republic_of_korea.pdf |title=Issue Brief: The Politics of Diaspora Management in the Republic of Korea |date=2013 |publisher=The ASAN Institute for Policy Studies |location=Republic of Korea |page=1}}</ref>