Editing Derry (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Derry}}
[[File:St Columb's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Columb's Cathedral]]]]

===Early history===
Derry is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in Ireland.<ref name="Lacey">{{cite book |last=Lacey |first=Brian |title=Discover Derry |publisher=[[The O'Brien Press]] |location=Dublin |series="City Guides" series |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-86278-596-3}}</ref> The earliest historical references date to the 6th century when a [[monastery]] was founded there by St [[Columba]] or Colmcille, a famous saint from what is now [[County Donegal]], but for thousands of years before that people had been living in the vicinity.

Before leaving Ireland to spread Christianity elsewhere, Colmcille founded a monastery at Derry (which was then called {{lang|ga|Doire Calgach}}), on the west bank of the Foyle. According to oral and documented history, the site was granted to Colmcille by a local king.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/norThern-ireland/ukider01.htm |title=History of Derry |access-date=13 February 2010 |work=Geographia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326160203/http://www.geographia.com/norThern-ireland/ukider01.htm |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The monastery then remained in the hands of the federation of Columban churches who regarded Colmcille as their spiritual mentor. The year 546 is often referred to as the date that the original settlement was founded. However, it is now accepted by historians that this was an erroneous date assigned by medieval chroniclers.<ref name="Lacey" /> It is accepted that between the 6th century and the 11th century, Derry was known primarily as a monastic settlement.<ref name="Lacey" />

The town became strategically more significant during the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]] and came under frequent attack. During [[O'Doherty's Rebellion]] in 1608 it was attacked by Sir [[Cahir O'Doherty]], Irish chieftain of [[Inishowen]], who [[Burning of Derry|burnt much of the town]] and killed the governor [[George Paulet (1553–1608)|George Paulet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/focus/earls/theflight/flight3.html |title=King ponders plantation |access-date=13 February 2010 |newspaper=The Irish Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026145907/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/earls/theflight/flight3.html |archive-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> The soldier and statesman [[Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore|Sir Henry Docwra]] made vigorous efforts to develop the town, earning the reputation of being "the founder of Derry"; but he was accused of failing to prevent the O'Doherty attack and returned to England.

===Plantation===
What became the City of Derry was part of the relatively new [[County Donegal]] up until 1610.<ref name="Lacy 1983 p. 1" /> In that year, the west bank of the future city was transferred by the [[English Crown]] to [[The Honourable The Irish Society]]<ref name="Lacy 1983 p. 1" /> and was combined with [[County Coleraine]], part of [[County Antrim]] and a large portion of [[County Tyrone]] to form [[County Londonderry]]. Planters organised by London [[livery companies]] through The Honourable The Irish Society arrived in the 17th century as part of the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and rebuilt the town with high walls to defend it from Irish insurgents who opposed the plantation. The aim was to settle Ulster with a population supportive of the Crown.<ref name="Curl" /> It was then renamed "Londonderry".

This city was the first [[planned city]] in Ireland: it was begun in 1613, with the walls being completed in 1619, at a cost of £10,757.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derryswalls.com/hist-walls-constructed.html |title=Walls Constructed |access-date=23 July 2012 |date=2008 |work=Derry's Walls |publisher=Guildhall Press / [[Derry City Council]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224131028/http://www.derryswalls.com/hist-walls-constructed.html |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence. The grid pattern chosen was subsequently much copied in the colonies of British North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldfacts.us/UK-Londonderry.htm |title=Londonderry |date=2005 |work=WorldFacts.us |access-date=5 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925103244/http://worldfacts.us/UK-Londonderry.htm |archive-date=25 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The charter initially defined the city as extending three [[Irish mile]]s (about 6.1&nbsp;km) from the centre.

The modern city preserves the 17th-century layout of four main streets radiating from a central Diamond to four gateways&nbsp;&nbsp;– Bishop's Gate, Ferryquay Gate, Shipquay Gate and Butcher's Gate. The city's oldest surviving building was also constructed at this time: the 1633 Plantation Gothic [[St Columb's Cathedral|cathedral of St Columb]]. In the porch of the cathedral is a stone that records completion with the inscription: "If stones could speake, then London's prayse should sound, Who built this church and cittie from the grounde."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stcolumbscathedral.org/History.htm |title=Brief History of St Columb's Cathedral Londonderry |access-date=13 February 2010 |work=StColumbsCathedral.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104025334/http://www.stcolumbscathedral.org/history.htm |archive-date=4 January 2009}}</ref>

===17th-century upheavals===
During the 1640s, the city suffered in the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], which began with the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]], when the Gaelic Irish insurgents made a failed attack on the city. In 1649 the city and its garrison, which supported the republican [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in London, were besieged by Scottish [[Presbyterian]] forces loyal to King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. The Parliamentarians besieged in Derry were relieved by a strange alliance of [[Roundhead]] troops under [[George Monck]] and the Irish Catholic general [[Owen Roe O'Neill]]. These temporary allies were soon fighting each other again however, after the landing in Ireland of the [[New Model Army]] in 1649. The war in Ulster was finally brought to an end when the Parliamentarians crushed the Irish Catholic Ulster army at the [[Battle of Scarrifholis]], near [[Letterkenny]] in nearby [[County Donegal]], in 1650.

During the [[Glorious Revolution]], only Derry and nearby [[Enniskillen]] had a Protestant garrison by November 1688. An army of around 1,200 men, mostly "''Redshanks''" ([[Scottish Highlands|Highlanders]]), under [[Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim]], was slowly organised (they set out on the week William of Orange landed in England). When they arrived on 7 December 1688 the gates were closed against them and the [[Siege of Derry]] began. In April 1689, King James came to the city and summoned it to surrender. The King was rebuffed and the siege lasted until the end of July with the arrival of a relief ship.

===18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:1837Londonderry.jpg|thumb|upright|Map of County Londonderry, 1837]]
The city was rebuilt in the 18th century with many of its fine [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style houses still surviving. The city's first bridge across the River Foyle was built in 1790. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the port became an important embarkation point for Irish emigrants setting out for North America.

Also during the 19th century, it became a destination for migrants fleeing areas more severely affected by the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |title=The population of Londonderry during the Great Irish Famine |journal=The Economic History Review |last=Johnson |first=James H. |date=1957 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=273–285 |doi=10.2307/2590863 |jstor=2590863}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Derry Beyond the Walls: Social and Economic Aspects on the Growth of Derry 1825–1850 |page=67 |first=John |last=Hume |author-link=John Hume |date=2002 |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |isbn=9781903688243}}</ref> One of the most notable shipping lines was the [[McCorkell Line]] operated by Wm. McCorkell & Co. Ltd. from 1778.<ref name="McCorkell">{{cite web |last=McCorkell |first=John |title=McCorkell Line: 1778–1897 |work=McCorkellLine.com |date=2001 |url=http://www.mccorkellline.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904194327/http://www.mccorkellline.com/ |archive-date=4 September 2010}}</ref> The McCorkell's most famous ship was the ''Minnehaha'', which was known as the "Green Yacht from Derry".<ref name="McCorkell" />

===Early 20th century===

====World War I====
During [[World War I]], the city contributed over 5,000 men to the [[British Army]] from Catholic and Protestant families.

====Partition====
[[File:War memorial Derry 2007 SMC.jpg|thumb|upright|The war memorial in The Diamond, erected 1927<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/derry.html |title=A Brief History of Derry |last=Lambert |first=Tim |work=LocalHistories.org |access-date=28 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406171411/http://www.localhistories.org/derry.html |archive-date=6 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
During the [[Irish War of Independence]], the area was rocked by sectarian violence, partly prompted by the guerilla war raging between the [[Irish Republican Army (1917–22)|Irish Republican Army]] and British forces, but also influenced by economic and social pressures. By mid-1920 there was severe sectarian rioting in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0624/1224249415663.html |title=June 24th, 1920: Pitched battles on the streets of Derry |access-date=13 February 2010 |last=Joyce |first=Joe |date=24 June 2009 |newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009054622/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0624/1224249415663.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://saoirse.21.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=2326 |title=This is a chronology of Irish War of Independence |access-date=13 February 2010 |work=Saoirse.21.Forumer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303110930/http://saoirse.21.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=2326 |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> Many people died and in addition, many Catholics and Protestants were expelled from their homes during this communal unrest. After a week's violence, a truce was negotiated by local politicians on both unionist and republican sides. (See: [[The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)]]).

In 1921, following the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] and the [[Partition of Ireland]], it unexpectedly became a 'border city', separated from much of its traditional economic hinterland in [[County Donegal]].

====World War II====
During [[World War II]], the city played an important part in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/derry-was-best-kept-secret-in-battle-of-the-atlantic-1-2130529 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121113146/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/derry-was-best-kept-secret-in-battle-of-the-atlantic-1-2130529 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |title=Derry was 'best kept secret' in Battle of the Atlantic |access-date=2 March 2022 |last=Cullen |first=Ian |date=13 October 2008 |work=[[Derry Journal]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ships from the [[Royal Navy]], the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and other Allied navies were stationed in the city and the United States military established a base. Over 20,000 [[Royal Navy]], 10,000 [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and 6,000 [[United States Navy]] personnel were stationed in the city during the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radiofoyle/peoples_war/context.shtml |title=Derry in the Second World War |work=People's War |publisher=[[BBC Radio Foyle]] |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113025404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radiofoyle/peoples_war/context.shtml |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The establishment of the American presence in the city was the result of a secret agreement between the Americans and the British before the Americans entered the war.<ref name="culturenorthernireland1">{{cite web |url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/447/world-war-two-in-derry |title=World War Two in Derry |date=16 November 2005 |work=CultureNorthernIreland.org |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523084734/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/447/world-war-two-in-derry |archive-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Ireland |first1=Culture Northern }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1942/07/02/page/2/article/giant-u-s-naval-base-completed-at-londonderry |title=Chicago Tribune – Historical Newspapers}}</ref> It was the first American naval base in Europe and the terminal for American convoys en route to Europe.

The reason for such a high degree of military and naval activity was self-evident: Derry was the United Kingdom's westernmost port; indeed, the city was the westernmost Allied port in Europe: thus, Derry was a crucial jumping-off point, together with Glasgow and Liverpool, for the shipping convoys that ran between Europe and North America. The large numbers of military personnel in Derry substantially altered the character of the city, bringing in some outside colour to the local area, as well as some cosmopolitan and economic buoyancy during these years. Several airfields were built in the outlying regions of the city at this time, Maydown, Eglinton and Ballykelly. RAF Eglinton went on to become [[City of Derry Airport]].

The city contributed a significant number of men to the war effort throughout the services, most notably the 500 men in the 9th (Londonderry) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, known as the 'Derry Boys'. This regiment served in [[North Africa campaign|North Africa]], the Sudan, Italy and mainland UK. Many others served in the Merchant Navy taking part in the convoys that supplied the UK and Russia during the war.

The border location of the city and the influx of trade from the military convoys allowed for significant smuggling operations to develop in the city.

At the conclusion of the Second World War, eventually some 60 U-boats of the German [[Kriegsmarine]] ended in the city's harbour at [[Lisahally]] after their surrender.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secondworldwarni.org/print.aspx?pagerecordid=1469 |title=The U-boat surrender |access-date=13 February 2010 |work=SecondWorldWarNI.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723201427/http://www.secondworldwarni.org/print.aspx?pagerecordid=1469 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial surrender was attended by Admiral Sir [[Max Kennedy Horton|Max Horton]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[Western Approaches]], and Sir [[Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough|Basil Brooke]], third [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]].<ref name="culturenorthernireland1" />

===Late 20th century===

====1950s and 1960s====
The city languished after the Second World War, with unemployment and development stagnating. A large campaign, led by the [[University for Derry Committee]], to have Northern Ireland's second university located in the city, ended in failure.

====The civil rights movement====
Derry was a focal point for the nascent civil rights movement in Northern Ireland.

[[File:Bogside Derry SMC 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Bogside area viewed from the walls]]
Catholics were discriminated against under Unionist government in Northern Ireland, both politically and economically.<ref>{{cite book |title=Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images |first1=John |last1=McGarry |author1-link=John McGarry |first2=Brendan |last2=O'Leary |author2-link=Brendan O'Leary |date=1995 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9780631183495 |pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Race and Inequality: World Perspectives on Affirmative Action |first=Elaine |last=Kennedy-Dubourdieu |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780754648390 |page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America |edition=Revised, updated |first=Lawrence John |last=McCaffrey |date=1997 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |isbn=9780813208961 |page=168}}</ref><ref name="DiscrimChron">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/chron.htm |title=Discrimination – Chronology of Important Events |access-date=13 February 2010 |date=6 January 2009 |work=CAIN.Ulst.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030810/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/chron.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1960s the city became the flashpoint of disputes about institutional [[gerrymandering]]. [[Political science|Political scientist]] [[John Henry Whyte|John Whyte]] explains that:<ref>{{cite book |last=Whyte |first=John |title=Contemporary Irish Studies |editor=Gallagher, Tom |editor2=O'Connell, James |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |date=1983 |chapter=How much discrimination was there under the unionist regime, 1921–68? |isbn=978-0-7190-0919-8 |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm#chap1 |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131114/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm#chap1 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
All the accusations of gerrymandering, practically all the complaints about housing and regional policy and a disproportionate amount of the charges about public and private employment come from this area. The area – which consisted of Counties Tyrone and Fermanagh, Londonderry County Borough and portions of Counties Londonderry and Armagh – had less than a quarter of the total population of Northern Ireland yet generated not far short of three-quarters of the complaints of discrimination...The unionist government must bear its share of responsibility. It put through the original gerrymander, which underpinned so many of the subsequent malpractices, and then, despite repeated protests, did nothing to stop those malpractices continuing. The most serious charge against the Northern Ireland government is not that it was directly responsible for widespread discrimination, but that it allowed discrimination on such a scale over a substantial segment of Northern Ireland.}}

A [[civil rights]] demonstration in 1968 led by the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] was banned by the Government and blocked using force by the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]].<ref name="DiscrimChron" /> The events that followed the August 1969 [[Apprentice Boys]] parade resulted in the [[Battle of the Bogside]], when Catholic rioters fought the police, leading to widespread civil disorder in Northern Ireland and is often dated as the starting point of [[the Troubles]].

On Sunday 30 January 1972, 13 unarmed civilians were shot dead by British paratroopers during a civil rights march in the [[Bogside]] area. Another 13 were wounded and one further man later died of his wounds. This event came to be known as [[Bloody Sunday (Northern Ireland 1972)|Bloody Sunday]].

===The Troubles===
{{Main|The Troubles in Derry}}
[[File:Free Derry Corner in 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|"[[Free Derry Corner]]" at the corner of Lecky Road and Fahan Street in the Bogside. The slogan was first painted in January 1969 by John Casey.]]

The conflict which became known as the Troubles is widely regarded as having started in Derry with the Battle of the Bogside. The Civil Rights Movement had also been very active in the city. In the early 1970s, the city was heavily militarised and there was widespread civil unrest. Several districts in the city constructed barricades to control access and prevent the forces of the state from entering.

Violence eased towards the end of the Troubles in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Irish journalist Ed Maloney claims in ''The Secret History of the IRA'' that republican leaders there negotiated a ''de facto'' ceasefire in the city as early as 1991. Whether this is true or not, the city did see less bloodshed by this time than Belfast or other localities.

The city was visited by an [[orca]] in November 1977 at the height of the Troubles; it was dubbed Dopey Dick by the thousands who came from miles around to see him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radiofoyle/dopeydick/ |title=A whale of a time |publisher=[[BBC Radio Foyle]] |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206195727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/radiofoyle/dopeydick/ |archive-date=6 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>