Editing Dennis v. United States (section)

==The court's decision==
Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by [[Chief Justice of the United States]] [[Fred M. Vinson]], who was joined by Justices [[Stanley Forman Reed]], [[Sherman Minton]], and [[Harold H. Burton]]. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices [[Felix Frankfurter]] and [[Robert H. Jackson]]. Justices [[Hugo Black]] and [[William O. Douglas]] wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice [[Tom C. Clark]] did not participate in this case.

The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the [[Smith Act]]. In affirming the conviction, a plurality of the Court adopted Judge [[Learned Hand]]'s formulation of the clear and probable danger test, an adaptation of the clear and present danger test:

<blockquote>In each case [courts] must ask whether the gravity of the "evil", discounted by its improbability, justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger.</blockquote>

In his dissent, Black wrote:

<blockquote>
These petitioners were not charged with an attempt to overthrow the Government. They were not charged with overt acts of any kind designed to overthrow the Government. They were not even charged with saying anything or writing anything designed to overthrow the Government. The charge was that they agreed to assemble and to talk and publish certain ideas at a later date: The indictment is that they conspired to organize the Communist Party and to use speech or newspapers and other publications in the future to teach and advocate the forcible overthrow of the Government. No matter how it is worded, this is a virulent form of prior censorship of speech and press, which I believe the First Amendment forbids. I would hold 3 of the Smith Act authorizing this prior restraint unconstitutional on its face and as applied....
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
So long as this Court exercises the power of judicial review of legislation, I cannot agree that the First Amendment permits us to sustain laws suppressing freedom of speech and press on the basis of Congress' or our own notions of mere "reasonableness." Such a doctrine waters down the First Amendment so that it amounts to little more than an admonition to Congress. The Amendment as so construed is not likely to protect any but those "safe" or orthodox views which rarely need its protection....
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
There is hope, however, that in calmer times, when present pressures, passions and fears subside, this or some later Court will restore the First Amendment liberties to the high preferred place where they belong in a free society.
</blockquote>