Editing Demographics of Puerto Rico (section)

==Migration==
Sometime between 400 B.C. and A.D. 100, the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] group of [[Amerindians]] inhabited Puerto Rico. Around A.D. 600, the Arawaks no longer lived on the island, perhaps because they had integrated with another culture or perhaps because they had been killed by illness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZG9k5LqlCoC&q=puerto+rico+first+inhabitants&pg=PA7|title=Puerto Ricans in America|first=Stacy|last=Taus-Bolstad|date=January 1, 2005|publisher=Lerner Publications Co|isbn=9780822539537|oclc=54046670|via=Google Books}}</ref> By [[AD 1000|A.D. 1000]], the indigenous [[Taíno people|Taíno]] inhabited the island. They called the island [[Puerto Rico|Borikén]], which is popularly said to mean "''land of the valiant one''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/puerto-rico-history-and-heritage-13990189/|title=Puerto Rico – History and Heritage|website=Smithsonianmag.com|publisher=Smithson Institution|access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This is where the alternative name for Puerto Rico, [[Borinquen]], comes from. Since the late 18th century [[Puerto Ricans]] have called themselves some variation of ''boricua'', ''borincano'' and ''borinqueño'' to embrace their indigenous identity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eenj3T0JrfcC&q=puerto+rico+first+inhabitants+Boricua&pg=PA7|title=Gang nation : delinquent citizens in Puerto Rican, Chicano, and Chicana narratives|last=Brown|first=Monica|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0816634785|oclc=48649774}}</ref> In the 15th century, the [[Island Caribs|Carib]] lived on nearby islands and periodically invaded Taíno villages.<ref name=":0" />

===Historical Immigration===
[[Image:Puertorican immigration.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Immigration to Puerto Rico]]
The [[Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico|Spanish]] conquered the island, assuming government in 1508, colonized it, and assumed hegemony over the natives. The Taíno population dwindled due to disease, tribal warfare, and forced labor, so the Spanish began [[Atlantic slave trade|importing]] large numbers of [[slaves]] from Africa. Spanish men arrived on the island disproportionately to Spanish women; African and Taíno women would sometimes marry them, resulting in a mixed [[Multiracial people|tri-racial]] [[Puerto Ricans|ethnicity]].

In the late 18th century, the number of African slaves began to dwindle on the island. The [[British Empire|British]] ban on slavery resulted in slave raids on Puerto Rico. Many slaves also escaped to neighboring islands.

During the 19th century large numbers of immigrants from Spain, as well as numerous [[Spaniards]] living in former [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies in South America]], also arrived in Puerto Rico (See [[Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico]]). Large numbers of [[Canary Islanders]] ([[Isleños]]) also arrived in great numbers to the island; their influence can be seen today in Puerto Rico's [[Culture of Puerto Rico|culture]], [[Puerto Rican cuisine|cuisine]] and most notably in the [[Spanish dialects and varieties|variety of Spanish]] that is [[Puerto Rican Spanish|spoken in Puerto Rico]].

Although the vast majority of settlers came from Spain, [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] from France, Ireland, Corsica, Italy, Germany and other [[White Puerto Ricans|European]] countries were also granted land by Spain as one of the provisions of the ''Real Cédula de Gracias de 1815'' ([[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]). These immigrants were allowed to settle on the island, with a certain amount of free land and enslaved persons granted to them. In return, they had to profess fealty to the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]]. During the early 20th century [[Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico|Jews]] began to settle in Puerto Rico. The first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were European refugees fleeing [[German–occupied Europe]] in the late 1930s. Puerto Rico's economic boom of the 1950s attracted a considerable number of Jewish families from the [[American Jews|U.S. mainland]], who were joined after 1959 by an influx of Jewish [[History of the Jews in Cuba|emigres]] from [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]].<ref name="JVL">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html|title=Puerto Rico Virtual Jewish History Tour|website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref>

The mass immigration that occurred during the 19th century helped the population grow from 155,000 in 1800 to almost 1,000,000 at the close of the century.

===Modern Immigration===
Puerto Rico has continued to receive immigrants in the present-day, especially coming from neighboring countries. According to the 2020 census, by ancestry or birth, there were 53,677 Dominicans, 11,701 Cubans, 5,628 Spaniards, 5,010 Colombians, 4,975 Mexicans, 3,131 Venezuelans, 1,366 Peruvians, and 1,331 Argentineans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |website=[[census.gov]]}}</ref> People who self identified as Hispanic, Latino, Spanish, Spanish American, and Afro-Latino numbered 8,141 and may be of mixed-Hispanic background, and all other Latin American origin groups numbered 6,344.<ref name=":1" /> There were also 29,913 English, 9,700 Italians, 6,307, Germans, 5,024 French, 4,561 Irish, 1,361 Portuguese, and 8,556 all other European-origin groups, a large portion is made up of white Americans of such ancestries.<ref name=":1" /> There were also 8,417 African Americans, 2,873 Asian Indians, 2,462 Chinese, and all other groups numbering about 6,000.<ref name=":1" />

Some illegal immigrants, particularly from Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Cuba use Puerto Rico as a temporary stop-over point to get to the US mainland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA|date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> Non-hispanic people only made up 1.1% of the population of Puerto Rico, the majority of which are made up of U.S. citizens especially White Americans, and to a lesser degree Black Americans.<ref>https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?text=Decennial+census&t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=040XX00US72 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> Some non-Puerto Rican Hispanics are U.S.-born. Ethnic Puerto Ricans numbered 3,139,035, representing 95.5% of Puerto Rico's population. Some Puerto Ricans engage in [[Circular migration]].

===Emigration===
Emigration has been a major part of Puerto Rico's recent history as well. Starting in the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-World War II]] period waves of Puerto Ricans moved to the [[Contiguous United States|continental United States]], particularly to New York City, [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] New York; [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], and [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], New Jersey; [[Providence, Rhode Island]]; [[Boston]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], Massachusetts; [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]]; [[Cleveland]], Ohio; [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], and [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], Miami, Florida; [[Philadelphia]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], Pennsylvania; and [[Chicago]], Illinois. This continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined.

{{further|Puerto Ricans in the United States}}