Editing Deixis (section)

=== Spatial ===
Spatial, or place, deixis is used to refer to spatial locations relative to an utterance. Similarly to personal deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. Spatial demonstratives include locative [[Adverb|adverbs]] (e.g. ''here'' and ''there)'' and [[Demonstrative|demonstratives]] (e.g. ''this'', ''these'', ''that'', and ''those)'' although those are far from exclusive.<ref name=" Fillmore" /> Spatial demonstratives are often relative to the location of the speaker<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=David |date=February 2012 |title=Here Is/Where There/Is: Some Observations of Spatial Deixis in Robert Creeley's Poetry |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/here-iswhere-thereis-some-observations-of-spatial-deixis-in-robert-creeleys-poetry/D3E0A0CE21F7925A88B1BC92A66351F0 |journal=Journal of American Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1017/S0021875811000053 |issn=1469-5154}}</ref> such as:

:The shop is ''across the street''.

where "across the street" is understood to mean "across the street from where I [the speaker] am right now."<ref name="Fillmore" />

Words relating to spatial deixis can be proximal (near, such as English [right] ''here'' or ''this''), medial (near the addressee, such as English [over] ''there'' or ''that''), distal (far, such as English [out] ''there'' or ''that''), far-distal (far from both the speaker and addressee, such as archaic English ''yon'' and ''[[wikt:yonder|yonder]]).''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lander |first1=Eric |last2=Haegeman |first2=Liliane |date=2016-09-30 |title=The Nanosyntax of Spatial Deixis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/stul.12061 |journal=Studia Linguistica |language=en |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=362–427 |doi=10.1111/stul.12061 |issn=0039-3193|hdl=1854/LU-8166998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The [[Malagasy language]] has seven degrees of distance combined with two degrees of visibility, while many Inuit languages have even more complex systems.<ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/465747?journalCode=ijal| title = J. Peter Denny, "Semantics of the Inuktitut (Eskimo) Spatial Deictics"| journal = International Journal of American Linguistics| date = October 1982| volume = 48| issue = 4| pages = 359–384| doi = 10.1086/465747| last1 = Denny| first1 = J. Peter| s2cid = 144418641}}</ref>