Editing Dave Brubeck (section)

==Career==
===Dave Brubeck Quartet===
[[File:BrubeckQuartet.JPG|thumb|The quartet in 1959 during the ''Time Out'' sessions. From left to right: [[Joe Morello]], [[Paul Desmond]], Dave Brubeck, [[Eugene Wright]].]]
In 1951, Brubeck organized the Dave Brubeck Quartet, with Paul Desmond on alto saxophone. The two took up residency at San Francisco's [[Black Hawk (nightclub)|Black Hawk nightclub]] and had success touring college campuses, recording a series of [[live albums]].

The first of these live albums, ''[[Jazz at Oberlin]]'', was recorded in March 1953 in the Finney Chapel at [[Oberlin College]]. Brubeck's live performance was credited with legitimizing the field of jazz music at Oberlin, and the album is one of the earliest examples of [[cool jazz]].<ref name="OberlinOnline">{{cite web |url= http://www.oberlin.edu/con/bkstage/200302/jazz_at_oberlin.html  | title=  Legendary Brubeck Album Jazz at Oberlin was Recorded Fifty Years Ago—March 2, 1953 |date=2003-03-02 |access-date=2021-02-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170228082659/http://www.oberlin.edu/con/bkstage/200302/jazz_at_oberlin.html|archive-date=2017-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fordham|first=John |date=2010-01-11 |title=50 great moments in jazz: Dave Brubeck's Jazz at Oberlin |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/jan/11/dave-brubeck-jazz-at-oberlin |work=The Guardian|location= |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> Brubeck returned to College of the Pacific to record ''[[Jazz at the College of the Pacific]]'' in December of that year.

Following the release of ''Jazz at the College of the Pacific'', Brubeck signed with Fantasy Records, believing that he had a stake in the company. He worked as an [[artists and repertoire]] promoter for the label, encouraging the Weiss brothers to sign other contemporary jazz performers, including [[Gerry Mulligan]], [[Chet Baker]] and [[Red Norvo]]. Upon discovering that the deal was for a half interest in his own recordings, Brubeck quit to sign with another label, [[Columbia Records]].<ref>"The San Francisco Scene in the 1950s", West Coast Jazz: Modern Jazz in California 1945–1960, Ted Gioia, University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 1998 (reprint of 1962 edition), pp. 94–95.</ref>

====College success====
{{Main|Jazz Goes to College}}
In June 1954, Brubeck released ''[[Jazz Goes to College]]'', with double bassist [[Bob Bates (musician)|Bob Bates]] and drummer [[Joe Dodge]]. The album is a compilation of the quartet's visits to three colleges: Oberlin College, [[University of Michigan]], and [[University of Cincinnati]], and features seven songs, two of which were written by Brubeck and Desmond. "Balcony Rock", the opening song on the album, was noted for its [[timing (music)|timing]] and uneven tonalities, themes that would be explored by Brubeck later.<ref name="Planer">{{cite web|last=Planer|first=Lindsay|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/jazz-goes-to-college-mw0000205356|title=Jazz Goes to College - The Dave Brubeck Quartet|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|access-date=December 7, 2012}}</ref>

Brubeck was featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in November 1954, the second jazz musician to be featured, following [[Louis Armstrong]] in February 1949.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061206024059/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19490221%2C00.html ''Time'' magazine cover: Louis Armstrong] – February 21, 1949.</ref> Brubeck personally found this acclaim embarrassing, since he considered [[Duke Ellington]] more deserving and was convinced that he had been favored as a white man.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Fred |title=1959: The Year that Changed Everything |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Songs |page=131}}</ref> In one encounter with Ellington, he knocked on the door of Brubeck's hotel room to show him the cover; Brubeck's response was, "It should have been you."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample Liner Notes by Darius Brubeck |year=2007 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |work=Dave Brubeck Live in '64 & '66 |url=http://www.jazzicons.com/ji2_brubeck.html}}</ref>

Early bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bates, and Bates's brother [[Norman Bates (musician)|Norman]]; Lloyd Davis and Dodge held the drum chair. In 1956, Brubeck hired drummer [[Joe Morello]], who had been working with pianist [[Marian McPartland]]; Morello's presence made possible the rhythmic experiments that were to come. 

In 1958, African-American bassist [[Eugene Wright]] joined for the group's [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] tour of Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/03/AR2008040303366.html |title=Ambassador of Cool |last=Schudel |first=Matt |date=2008-04-06 |website=washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> The group visited Poland, Turkey, India, [[Ceylon]], Pakistan, Iran and Iraq on behalf of the Department of State. They spent two weeks in Poland, giving thirteen concerts and visiting with Polish musicians and citizens as part of the People-to-People program.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hatschek|first=Keith|date=2010-12-01|title=The Impact of American Jazz Diplomacy in Poland During the Cold War Era|journal=Jazz Perspectives|volume=4|issue=3|pages=253–300|doi=10.1080/17494060.2010.561088|s2cid=154745124|issn=1749-4060}}</ref> Wright became a permanent member in 1959, finishing the "classic era" of the quartet's personnel. During this time, Brubeck was strongly supportive of Wright's inclusion in the band, and reportedly canceled several concerts when the club owners or hall managers objected to presenting an integrated band. He also canceled a television appearance when he found out that the producers intended to keep Wright off-camera.<ref name=atlantic>{{cite news| title=How Dave Brubeck Used His Talents to Fight for Integration| last=Grabar| first=Henry| date=December 5, 2012| access-date=March 31, 2021| work=[[The Atlantic#CityLab|The Atlantic Cities]]| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-05/how-dave-brubeck-used-his-talents-to-fight-for-integration}}</ref> In January 1960, he cancelled a 25-date tour of colleges and universities in the [[American South]] because 22 of the schools refused to allow Wright to perform.<ref>
https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/dave-brubecks-southern-strategy</ref>
====Time Out====
{{Main|Time Out (album)}}

In 1959, the Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded ''[[Time Out (album)|Time Out]]''. The album, which featured pieces entirely written by members of the quartet, notably uses unusual [[time signatures]]—especially for jazz—something which Columbia Records was enthusiastic about, but they were nonetheless hesitant to release.<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite book | last=Kaplan | title=1959 | url=https://archive.org/details/1959yearthatchan00kapl | url-access=registration | year=2009 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/1959yearthatchan00kapl/page/131 131–132]| publisher=J. Wiley & Sons | isbn=9780470387818 }}</ref>

The release of ''Time Out'' required the cooperation of Columbia Records president [[Goddard Lieberson]], who underwrote and released ''Time Out'', on the condition that the quartet record a conventional album of the [[American South]], ''[[Gone with the Wind (album)|Gone with the Wind]]'', to cover the risk of ''Time Out'' becoming a [[commercial failure]].<ref name="Kaplan"/>

Featuring the cover art of [[S. Neil Fujita]], ''Time Out'' was released in December 1959, to negative critical reception.<ref name="CD Notes">{{Cite AV media notes|last=Brubeck|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Brubeck|date=November 1996|title=''Time Out'' is still in|publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment]]}}</ref> Nonetheless, on the strength of these unusual time signatures, the album quickly went [[Music recording certification#Certification thresholds|Gold]] (and was eventually certified Double Platinum), and peaked at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. It was the first jazz album to sell more than a million copies.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/9724992/Dave-Brubeck-Take-Five-jazz-star-dies-91.html| title = Dave Brubeck, Take Five jazz star, dies 91| access-date = December 5, 2012| work = The Daily Telegraph| date = December 5, 2012| last1 = Chilton| first1 = Martin}}</ref> The single "[[Take Five]]" off the album quickly became a [[jazz standard]], despite its unusual composition and its time signature: {{music|time|5|4}} time.

''Time Out'' was followed by several albums with a similar approach, including ''[[Time Further Out|Time Further Out: Miro Reflections]]'' (1961), using more {{music|time|5|4}}, {{music|time|6|4}}, and {{music|time|9|8}}, plus the first attempt at {{music|time|7|4}}; ''[[Countdown—Time in Outer Space]]'' (dedicated to [[John Glenn]], 1962), featuring {{music|time|11|4}} and more {{music|time|7|4}}; ''[[Time Changes]]'' (1963), with much {{music|time|3|4}}, {{music|time|10|4}} and {{music|time|13|4}}; and ''[[Time In (album)|Time In]]'' (1966). These albums (except ''Time In'') were also known for using contemporary paintings as cover art, featuring the work of [[Joan Miró]] on ''Time Further Out'', [[Franz Kline]] on ''Time in Outer Space'', and [[Sam Francis]] on ''Time Changes''.

====Later work====
[[File:Davebrubeckquartet1967a.jpg|thumb|The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1967. From left to right: Joe Morello, Eugene Wright, Dave Brubeck and Paul Desmond]]
On a handful of albums in the early 1960s, clarinetist [[Bill Smith (jazz musician)|Bill Smith]] replaced Desmond. These albums were devoted to Smith's compositions and thus had a somewhat different aesthetic than other Brubeck Quartet albums. Nonetheless, according to critic Ken Dryden, "[Smith] proves himself very much in Desmond's league with his witty solos".<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/near-myth-mw0000263459 |title=Near-Myth – The Dave Brubeck Quartet &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits &#124; AllMusic |publisher=allmusic.com |access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> Smith was an old friend of Brubeck's; they would record together, intermittently, from the 1940s until the final years of Brubeck's career.

In 1961, Brubeck and his wife, Iola, developed a jazz musical, ''[[The Real Ambassadors]]'', based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the Department of State. The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, [[Lambert, Hendricks & Ross]], and [[Carmen McRae]] was recorded in 1961; the musical was performed at the 1962 [[Monterey Jazz Festival]].

At its peak in the early 1960s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year. Apart from the "College" and the "Time" series, Brubeck recorded four [[LP record]]s featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered. ''[[Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A.]]'' (1956, Morello's debut with the group), ''[[Jazz Impressions of Eurasia]]'' (1958), ''[[Jazz Impressions of Japan]]'' (1964), and ''[[Jazz Impressions of New York]]'' (1964) are less well-known albums, but they produced Brubeck standards such as "Summer Song", "Brandenburg Gate", "Koto Song", and "Theme from Mr. Broadway". (Brubeck wrote, and the Quartet performed, the theme song for this [[Craig Stevens (actor)|Craig Stevens]] CBS drama series; the music from the series became material for the ''New York'' album.) 

In 1961, Brubeck appeared in a few scenes of the British jazz/beat film ''[[All Night Long (1962 film)|All Night Long]]'', which starred [[Patrick McGoohan]] and [[Richard Attenborough]]. Brubeck plays himself, with the film featuring [[close-up]]s of his piano fingerings. Brubeck performs "It's a Raggy Waltz" from the ''Time Further Out'' album and duets briefly with bassist [[Charles Mingus]] in "Non-Sectarian Blues".

Brubeck also served as the program director of WJZZ-FM (now [[WEZN-FM]]) while recording for the quartet. He achieved his vision of an all-jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.

The final studio album for Columbia by the Desmond/Wright/Morello quartet was ''Anything Goes'' (1966), featuring the songs of [[Cole Porter]]. A few concert recordings followed, and ''The Last Time We Saw Paris'' (1967) was the "Classic" quartet's swan-song.

===Later career===
Brubeck produced ''The Gates of Justice'' in 1968, a [[cantata]] mixing [[Biblical scripture]] with the words of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] In 1971, the new senior management at Columbia Records decided not to renew Brubeck's contract, as they wished to focus on rock music. He moved to Atlantic Records.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Fred M. |date=1996 |title=It's About Time |location=Fayetteville, Arkansas |publisher=University of Arkansas Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/itsabouttimedave00hall/page/147 147–148] |isbn=1-55728-404-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/itsabouttimedave00hall/page/147 }}</ref>

Brubeck's music was used in the 1985 film ''[[Ordeal by Innocence (film)|Ordeal by Innocence]]''. He also composed for—and performed with his ensemble on—"The NASA Space Station", a 1988 episode of the CBS TV series ''[[This Is America, Charlie Brown]]''.<ref name="BCDB December 2012">{{cite news |title=Take Five Jazz Great Dave Brubeck Dead at 91 |url=http://blog.bcdb.com/jazz-great-dave-brubeck-dead-91-5335/ |publisher=[[Big Cartoon DataBase]] |last=Minovitz |first=Ethan |date=December 11, 2012 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118040639/http://blog.bcdb.com/jazz-great-dave-brubeck-dead-91-5335/ |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>