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Dąbrowa Górnicza
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==History== {{Historical populations|align=left|1921|39860|1931|36987|1939|41373|1950|32446|1960|55720|1970|61700|1980|141431|1990|136862|2000|132858|2010|127431|2020|118285|source=<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Dokumentacja Geograficzna|volume=3/4|year=1967|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Geografii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Dabrowa_Gornicza | title=Dąbrowa Górnicza (śląskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref>}} In the first half of the 18th century, ''Dąbrowa'' was a small [[Agriculture|agricultural]] settlement belonging to the [[Będzin]] parish of the [[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]] in the Kingdom of Poland. It was first mentioned on 25 July 1726, when the parish priest of Holy Trinity Church at Będzin noted a woman named Anna Lisowa from Dąbrowa. At the 1787 census of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Archdiocese of Kraków]], the settlement numbered 184 inhabitants. The districts of Dąbrowa, which for centuries had comprised separate villages, are much older. Trzebieszowice was first mentioned in the 12th century; Błędów was mentioned by Bishop of Kraków [[Iwo Odrowąż]] in the year 1220; Strzemieszyce and Ujejsce were mentioned in the 14th century; Gołonóg in the 15th century; and Ząbkowice was described by Polish historian [[Jan Długosz]] in the 15th century. After the [[Third Partition of Poland]] (1795), Dąbrowa was annexed by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and incorporated into its newly formed province of [[New Silesia]]. The Prussians discovered rich deposits of coal here and the first coal mine was established by [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden]] in 1796. In 1799, first detailed map of this area was created, on which a settlement called ''Stara Dąbrowa'' is presented. It was located along a road from [[Kraków]] to [[Upper Silesia]]. The coal mine established by von Reden attracted workers, and a settlement was soon established around it. In 1807, Dąbrowa was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of [[Russian Partition|Russian-controlled]] [[Congress Poland]]. In 1846, the ''Cieszkowski Coal Mine'' was opened, named after [[Józef Cieszkowski]]. The ''Zinc Plant Konstanty'' operated as early as 1823, and the ''Huta Bankowa'' steel works, which is still in operation, was built in Dąbrowa Górnicza in 1834. The first primary school was opened in 1820, and first Roman Catholic church of St. Alexander was built in the 1870s. During the [[January Uprising]], in February 1863, Dąbrowa was captured by Polish insurgents after their victory in the [[Battle of Sosnowiec]] nearby.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://twojezaglebie.pl/powstanie-styczniowe-zaglebiu/|title=Powstanie styczniowe w Zagłębiu. Sprawdź, jak Zagłębiacy zaskoczyli Imperium Rosyjskie|website=Twoje Zagłębie|author=Mateusz Załęski|date=29 January 2017|accessdate=15 May 2021|language=pl}}</ref> [[File:Dąbrowa Górnicza Sobieskiego 1928.jpg|thumb|left|Sobieski Street 1928]] In 1909, the [[gmina]] of Dąbrowa Górnicza was established by [[Tsar]]ist authorities. Even though its population reached 30,000, the Russians were reluctant to grant Dąbrowa town charter, so it remained a village until 18 August 1916, when Austrian authorities, which during [[World War I]] occupied southern part of [[Congress Poland]], agreed to establish the town. After the war, in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the city. 15 local [[Polish Scouting and Guiding Association|Polish boy scouts]] were killed in fights for Polish independence in 1914–1920.<ref name=dpl/> In the [[Second Polish Republic]], Dąbrowa belonged to [[Kielce Voivodeship]]. ===World War II=== [[File:Dabrowa Gornicza Paryz monument.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to local miners who were murdered by the Germans in [[Auschwitz]]]] In September 1939, in the beginning of [[World War II]], the city was [[invasion of Poland|invaded by Germany]], and shortly afterwards the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' operated in the city and committed various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|crimes against the Polish population]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Warzecha|first=Bartłomiej|year=2003|title=Niemieckie zbrodnie na powstańcach śląskich w 1939 roku|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=56|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Also in September 1939, [[Wehrmacht]] troops carried out a massacre of 14 [[Polish Scouting and Guiding Association|Polish boy scouts]] from nearby villages in the present-day district of [[Tucznawa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wardzyńska |first=Maria |year=2009 |title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion |language=pl |location=Warszawa |publisher=IPN |page=135}}</ref> [[Polish people|Poles]] from Dąbrowa Górnicza were among the victims of massacres committed by the Germans in other places, including [[Sosnowiec]] on September 4, 1939 and [[Celiny, Tarnowskie Góry County|Celiny]] on June 4, 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 135, 142</ref> Under [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]] the city was annexed directly to Germany, and included within the [[Upper Silesia Province]]. At least 14 Polish policemen from Dąbrowa were murdered by the Russians in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dabrowagornicza.naszemiasto.pl/uczcili-pamiec-pomordowanych-policjantow-w-sowieckich/ar/c1-6737829 |title=Uczcili pamięć pomordowanych policjantów w sowieckich obozach |website=Dąbrowa Górnicza Nasze Miasto |author=Magdalena Nowacka |date=21 September 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2021 |language=pl}}</ref> Further executions of Poles were carried out by the [[Germans]] during the war. Over 40 local Polish boy and girl scouts were killed by the Germans in various places, including the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] and during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] of 1944,<ref name=dpl/> and over 60 local miners were also murdered in Auschwitz. In October 1941, the occupiers [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] over 100 Poles, who were then sent to [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] either to Germany or to various factories in the region, while their houses were handed over to [[Germans|German]] colonists as part of the ''[[Lebensraum]]'' policy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=444|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> The Germans also operated the E513 and E543 forced labour subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] at the local coal mine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html |title=Working Parties |website=Lamsdorf.com| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> More than 4,000 local Jews were enclosed in a [[Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany|ghetto]], and later murdered in death camps. German occupation ended in 1945. ===Recent history=== Together with all of [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]], the city was transferred to [[Katowice Voivodeship]] after [[World War II]], in 1945. In 1968, the local church of Saint Mary of the Angels was visited by the [[Primate of Poland]] [[Stefan Wyszyński]] and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] Karol Wojtyła (future [[Pope John Paul II]]).<ref name=dpl>{{cite web |url=http://www.dabrowa.pl/dg_religia_koscioly_dg_bazylika-matki-boskiej-anielskiej.htm|title=BAZYLIKA Matki Boskiej Anielskiej |website=dabrowa.pl |accessdate=15 May 2021 |language=pl}}</ref> The 1970s saw the construction of the [[Katowice Steelworks]], which is nowadays the biggest steel producing plant in Poland, after [[privatization]] owned by [[ArcelorMittal]]. In the 1970s the town expanded territorially and economically. In 1975 and 1977 the neighboring localities of [[Strzemieszyce Małe]], [[Strzemieszyce Wielkie]], [[Ząbkowice Śląskie|Ząbkowice]] and others became suburbanized. The population of Dąbrowa Górnicza reached its peak in 1982 with 152,373 inhabitants. In 1984, the neighboring settlements of Marianki and [[Ratanice]] were included within the city limits of Dąbrowa Górnicza as new districts.<ref>{{Cite Polish law |title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Gospodarki Przestrzennej z dnia 3 marca 1984 r. w sprawie zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwach: katowickim, kieleckim, legnickim, radomskim i wrocławskim. |year=1984 |volume=14 |number=64}}</ref> From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the [[Katowice Voivodeship]]. In the 1990s, all local coal mines were closed, because of lack of coal. The oldest part of the town Reden still exists. In 1993, the neighboring settlement of [[Trzebiesławice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Trzebiesławice]] was also included within the city limits as a new district.<ref>{{Cite Polish law |title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 19 grudnia 1992 r. w sprawie utworzenia, zmiany granic i ustalenia siedzib gmin w niektórych województwach oraz nadania gminie statusu miasta. |year=1992 |volume=100 |number=500}}</ref>
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